Completing Sentence
Short Rules:
Rule 1: It is time + for + personal object + to + verb (present form) + ……….
Examples:
It is time for us to attack the enemy.
It is time for them to start the work.
Rule 2: It is time + subject + verb (past form) + ………
Examples:
It is time we went home.
It is time they earned their livelihood.
Rule 3: Present Indefinite + as if/as though + past indefinite.
Examples:
He tells the story as if he knew it.
He runs fast as though he were a mad man.
They donate money as if they were rich man.
Rule 4: Past Indefinite + as if/as though + past perfect.
Examples:
Reyad told the story as if he had known it.
She proceeded as though I had not spoken.
Rule 5: If + Present Indefinite + future indefinite tense.
Examples:
If it rains, we shall not go.
If he wants, I shall help him.
If you play in the rain, you will catch cold.
Rule 6: If + Past Indefinite + would/could + verb (present form).
Examples:
If he came, I would go.
If they wanted, we would help him.
If I had a typewriter, I would type the letters.
Rule 7: If + Past Perfect + would have/could have + verb (past participle form).
Examples:
If I had seen him, I could have told him the news.
If they had started earlier, they could have got the train.
If she had tried, she would have succeeded.
Rule 8: Had + Verb + Past Participle Form + would have/could have + verb (past participle form).
Examples:
Had I seen him, I would have given him the news.
Had he wanted, they would have helped him.
Had I possessed a vast property, I would have established a college.
Rule 9: If + Subject + were + would + verb (present form).
Examples:
If I were a king, I could help the poor.
If I were you, I would not do this.
Rule 10: Present/Future Indefinite Tense + when/after + present perfect.
Examples:
You can go to sleep when, you have taken your dinner.
You will return me the book after, you have finished reading it.
He will swim after, he has changed his dress.
Rule 11: Would that/ I wish + were + ……
Examples:
I wish I were a king.
Would that he were alive today.
Rule 12: Would you mind + verb(ing) + …….?
Examples:
Would you mind taking a cup of tea?
Would you mind opening the door?
Rule 13: It is time + to + verb (present form) + ……….
Examples:
It is time to start the work.
It is time to leave the place.
Rule 14: ……so much/many + …. + that + 1st subject + can/cannot + …….
Examples:
You have so much intelligence that you can get a job.
There are so many problems that I cannot solve them.
You have so much money that you can buy a ticket.
Rule 15: ……too + adjective + to + verb (present form).
Examples:
The man is too old to work.
You are too short to touch the roof.
He is too dishonest to speak the truth.
Rule 16: ……too + adjective/adverb + for + personal object + to + verb (present form).
Examples:
The load is too heavy for me to carry.
The problem was too hard for them to solve.
It is too interesting for us to overlook.
Rule 17: ……so + adjective/adverb + that + 1st subject + cannot/could not + verb (present form).
Examples:
The man was so ill that he could not move.
Many farmers are so poor that they cannot cultivate their land.
The sailors’ throats were so dry that they could not speak.
Rule 18: ……so that + 1st subject + can/could/may/might + verb (present form) + …………
Examples:
The boy reads more so that he can make a good result.
We eat food so that we can get strength.
He works hard so that he can earn more money.
Rule 19: ……in order that + 1st subject + can/could/may/might + verb (present form) + …………
Examples:
He went to a shop in order that he could sell her shirt.
I saved some money in order that I could buy some books.
They came to me in order that they could see me personally.
Rule 20: ……lest + 1st subject + should + verb (present form) + …………
Examples:
He ran away lest he should be seen.
Read diligently lest you should fail in the examination.
He walked fast lest he should reach school in time.
Rule 21: ……would rather/sooner + verb + than + verb/noun.
Examples:
I would rather die than beg.
He would rather drink tea than coffee.
Rule 22: ……had better + verb (present form) + ……….
Examples:
I had better ring him at once.
You had better leave the place.
He had better go home.
Rule 23: ……how + to + verb (present form) + …..
Examples:
He doesn’t know how to play cricket.
They knew how to talk.
Do you know how to drink tea?
Rule 24: Without + verb(ing) + (meaningful negative sentence).
Examples:
Without reading more you cannot pass.
Without taking physical exercise we cannot keep our body fit.
He will not be able to write well without writing much.
Rule 25: By + verb(ing) + (meaningful affirmative sentence).
Examples:
By reading more we can learn more.
By drinking clean water you can keep your body fit.
We can get power by eating rice and bread.
Rule 26: ……provided/provided that/providing that/if + (meaningful sentence).
Examples:
I will agree to go providing that my expenses are paid.
He will shine in life provided that he works hard.
The plane will take off in time provided the weather is good.
Rule 27: ……since/as/because + (meaningful sentence).
Examples:
As he behaved rough, he was punished.
Everybody loves him because, he is honest.
Crops did not grow well since there was drought.
Rule 28: ……though/although/in spite of/despite of + (alternative meaningful sentence).
Examples:
Though he is poor, he is honest.
In spite of his poverty, he helps the poor.
Although he is rich, he does not help the poor.
Rule 29: ……unless/if…not + (meaningful affirmative sentence).
Examples:
Unless you read attentively, you will fail.
If you not start at once, you will miss the train.
Rule 30: ……instead of/in lieu of + (meaningful word or sentence).
Examples:
Instead of history he took logic.
The boy bought pen instead of pencils.
He ate fish in lieu of meat.
Rule 31: ……because of/on account of/owing to/due to + (meaningful word or sentence).
Examples:
Everybody loves him because of his honesty.
On account of his illness he could not go to the college.
The writer dared no drive due to fog.
Rule 32: ……no sooner…than/scarcely had…when/hardly had…when + past indefinite tense.
Examples:
No sooner had I gone out than he came.
Scarcely had we reached the station when the train left.
Hardly had he reached the college when the examination began.
Rule 33: ……let alone + (meaningful word or phrase).
Examples:
He cannot pass in third division, let alone first division.
I cannot swim a kilometer, let alone ten kilometers.
The old farmer cannot visit a small town, let alone a big town.
Rule 34: ……the place + where + (meaningful affirmative sentence).
Examples:
Jessore is the place where he was born.
A railway station is a place where trains stop.
Paris is the city where UNESCO headquarter is.
Rule 35: ……the time/year/day + when + (meaningful affirmative sentence).
Examples:
Saturday is the day when the week begins.
1971 is the year when Bangladesh became independent.
10 P. M. is the time when we go to bed.
Rule 36: ……that + (meaningful sentence).
Examples:
I know that he is a doctor.
He knows that my address is Jessore.
Rule 37: …….feel, suppose, imagine, discover, know, judge, assume + to be + adjective.
Examples:
We assumed him to be innocent.
He was judged to be guilty.
I know him to be honest.
Rule 38: …….as long as + (meaningful sentence).
Examples:
Wait here as long as it rains.
Allah will help us as long as our aim is honest.
Rule 39: ……till/until + (meaningful affirmative sentence).
Examples:
Wait until, I come back.
Mother will be nursing him till, he comes round.
Rule 40: …….in case + (meaningful sentence).
Examples:
I will come tomorrow in case he wants me.
I want to stay home in case he comes.
He will carry an umbrella in case it rains.
Details Rules
Rule -1: Lest —— should/might:
Lest এর মানে- নচেত, নতুবা, পাছে, অন্যথায়, পাছে ভয় হয় ইত্যাদি । ইহা Negative অর্থ প্রদান করে। Examples: Walk fast lest you should miss the train. The old man walks slowly lest he should fall down. They run hurriedly lest they should miss the bus.
Rule – 2: Relative pronouns:
Who, which, what, that, whose, whom etc. Relative pronoun দ্বারা কোন Incomplete sentence কে complete করতে হলে এ গুলোর আগের Antecedent (যার পরিবর্তে বসে ) অনুযায়ী verb এর রূপ বসিয়ে sentence টি complete করতে হয়ঃ
Examples: It is I who am to blame. It is he who is your teacher.
Rule – 3: Past perfect Tense: ‘Before’ ও ‘after’ :
Past Perfect Tense Before এর আগে( আগের আগে) After এর পরে (পরের পরে) বসে। Examples: The doctor had died before the patient came. The patient died after the doctor had come.
Rule – 4: No sooner had —- than/ Scarcely had — when/ Hardly had —- when/before: (যেতে – না যেতে/ খেতে — না খেতে/ পোঁছাতে — না পোঁছাতে )
কোন বাক্য No sooner had —- than/ Scarcely had ——- when/ Hardly had —- when/before প্রভৃতি বসলে বাকি অংশে Past Indefinite Tense বসে।
Examples: No sooner had I reached the station than the train started. Scarcely had I reached home when it started rain. Hardly Had I reached the station when the bus left.
Rule- 5: So that/ In order that/ that ( যেন , যার ফলে, যাতে করে।) :
Structure: Sub + —- So that + Sub + can/ could/ may /might+ Verb —-. Example: He worked hard so that he could prosper in life. They came here in order that they could enjoy the natural beauty.
Rule-6: So —- that (এতই —- যে):
Negative Sentence এর তীব্রতা বোঝাতে So —- that ব্যবহার করা হয়। নিচের sentence follow কর।
Examples: The load is so heavy that we cannot lift it. He is so dishonest that he can’t do any good job.
Rule -7. It is high time: কোন কাজ করার সময় ইতিমধ্যেই পার হয়ে গেছে । সুতরাং আর দেরি করা ঠিক নয়। এই মুহূর্তে কাজটি শুরু করা উচিত বোঝাতে ব্যাবহার করা হয়। নিম্নের কাঠামোটি লক্ষ্য কর:
Structure: It is high time + Sub + Past Tense.
Examples: It is high time we left the place.
It is high time we took necessary steps to control price-hike.
It is high time you changed your reading habits.
Rule – 8. The time — When :
Is the time when / is the day when/ is the year when ইত্যাদি যুক্ত incomplete Sentence কে Complete করতে when এর পর subject বসিয়ে verb এর present form ব্যবহার করতে হয়। কিন্তু অতীতে ঘটে যাওয়া কোন ঘটনা বা ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা হলে verb এর past form হবে।
Examples: 1971 is the year when we achieved independent. 11 pm is the time when Farjana goes to bed. Friday is the day when we go to the village market.
Rule – 9. The place —- where:
প্রদত্ত Incomplete Sentence এ স্থান নির্দেশ করলে Incomplete Sentence এর শেষে Where + Sub + verb + — হয়। Examples: Eklashpur is a place where Bulbul was born. Railway station is the place where trains stop.
Rule – 10. Let alone:
কোন কিছু চিন্তা করা যায় না, ভাবা যায় না, কিংবা দূরের কথা এমন অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে Let alone বসে। সাধারণত Negative meaning প্রকাশ করতে Let alone বসে। Examples: He cannot walk let alone run. He cannot pass in the third division let alone first division. They have no rice to eat let alone hearing radio.
Rule – 11. Though/ although/ even though (যদিও):
Though/ although/ even though দ্বারা দুটি বিপরীতধর্মী অর্থ বোঝায় এমন দুটি clause কে দিয়ে একটি Sentence গঠন করতে ব্যাবহার হয়। Examples: Though he is rich, he is unhappy. Although it is late, it will finish soon. Though he is poor, he is honest.
Rule – 12. Since / As – কারন:
যেহেতু বা কারন অর্থে Since / As এর ব্যবহার করা হয়। Examples: As he was tired , he left the place. As it was raining, I could not go to college. Since they played well, they won the match. Since the weather was cold, Fahima could not go out.
Rule – 13. Because -কারন:
কারন প্রকাশক clause এর আগে Because বসে। সেটা আগের ঘটনার বিবরণ হয়। Examples: We gave her punishment because she misbehaved. He did not attend the party because he was ill.
Rule – 14. While এর প্রয়োগ:
While সাধারণতঃ প্রবাদ বাক্যে ব্যাবহার হয়। তাছাড়া দুটি কাজ এক সঙ্গে হলে তাদের যেটি চলমান তার আগে While বসে। Examples: Strike the iron while it is hot. I entered into your room while you were reading.
Rule – 15. As if / as though = যেনঃ
Sentence এর প্রথম অংশে Present indefinite থাকলে পরের অংশে Past tense হয়। প্রথম অংশে Past indefinite থাকলে পরের অংশে Past perfect tense হয়।
Examples: He pretends as if he knew everything. She speaks as though she were a doctor. My sister talked as though she had known everything.
Rule – 16. Had better – তবুও/ বরং ভালঃ
Had better যুক্ত sentence এ unreal past tense use হয়। ইহা Present/ future এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। Examples: They had better start right now.
Rule – 17. Unless (If —not): যদি না অর্থে। Unless দ্বারা যে clause শুরু হয় সে clause এ not বসে না। এটাতে অনেটা Conditional sentence এর দ্বিতীয় অংশের মত future format বসে।
Examples: Unless you work hard, you will not shine in life. Unless you read well, you will not pass in the examination. Unless you study hard, you will fail in the examination.
Rule – 18. Till/ until: যে পর্যন্ত না।
Till/ until + সময় নির্দেশক ঘটনা , দুটি Clause এর একই Tense হয়। Till এর ক্ষেত্রে Negative word বসাতে হয়। Examples: Wait here until I return. Wait here till I do not complete my task.
Rule – 19. Would rather / sooner— than – বরং/ তবুওঃ
Would rather / sooner যুক্ত sentence এ than বসে।
Structure: Sub + would rather + verb present form + — + than + verb / noun.
Examples: I would rather die than beg.
Rule – 20. As long as – ততক্ষণ / যতক্ষণ পর্যন্ত ।
As long as যুক্ত incomplete অংশে একটি clause বসাতে হয়। Examples: You can keep the pen as long as you need. Wait here as long as it rains.
Rule – 21. Provided/ Provided that/ Providing that- যদি/ তবে শরত যে/ তবে শর্ত থাকে যেঃ এখানে অর্থের সঙ্গে সঙ্গতি রেখে sentence টি পূর্ণ করতে হবে। Examples: He can lend you the money provided that you return the money in time. I can go there provided that the weather is good.
Rule – 22.Would that/ I wish/ I fancy + unreal past – দ্বারা যদি অসম্ভব ইচ্ছা , আকাঙ্ক্ষা, কল্পনা প্রভৃতি বোঝায় তবে পরবর্তী Clause টি Past indefinite Tense হয়।
Examples: I wish I were a king.
Would that I were a child again.
I fancy I turned a child.
Rule – 23. As soon as – যেই মাত্র/ মাত্রই / সাথে সাথে।
কোন Sentence এ যদি ‘As soon as’ যুক্ত Clause থাকে এবং Sentence টিতে অতীতের অর্থ প্রকাশিত হয় তবে উক্ত Sentence -এর উভয় clause -এর Past Indefinite Tense হয়।
Examples: As soon as the rain stopped , we started to play.
As soon as I reached the station, it started to rain.
Rule – 24. Present perfect in sub-ordinate clause:
প্রদত্ত Principal clause টি Present/ future indefinite tense এ থাকলে তার শেষে when/ after থাকলে তার পরের Subordinate Clause টি Present Perfect Tense হয়। Examples: You can go to bed when you have finished reading it. You will return me the book after you have finished reading it.
Rule – 25. In spite of / Despite of : সত্ত্বেও অর্থে বসে। প্রথম অংশে যে অর্থ প্রকাশ করে দ্বিতীয় অংশে বিপরীত অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। Examples: In spite of his riches, he is a miser. Despite of his poverty, he is happy.
Rule – 26. In case: In case এর অর্থ যদি:
In case যুক্ত subordinate clause টি principal clause এর কাজের কারন নির্দেশ করে। তাই In case যুক্ত incomplete sentence কে complete করার সময় In case এর পর Principal Clause এর কারনের সাথে সম্পর্ক যুক্ত একটি subordinate Clause গঠন করতে হয়। সাধারণতঃ In case যুক্ত Subordinate Clause টি Present Tense এর হয়। Examples: In case you fail in the examination, you will be deprived of many facilities. I will come tomorrow in case Kamol wants me.
Rule – 27. Conditional Sentence: If + Conditional Sentence:শর্ত যুক্ত বাক্যঃ
ইংরেজি ভাষায় তিনটি শর্ত যুক্ত বাক্য রয়েছে । নীচে সেগুলো উল্লেখ করা হলঃ
1) If + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite. এটি প্রথম শর্ত যুক্ত বাক্য। Examples: If you study more, you will gain much knowledge. If her uncle arrives, I’ll meet him. If you are honest, you will never tell a lie. Be truthful if you want to get respect of others. Eat balanced diet if you want to keep your body fit.
2) If + Past Indefinite + Future Indefinite (in past tense).দ্বিতীয় শর্ত যুক্ত বাক্য।
Exercise For Practice:
A.Complete the semtences using suitable clauses/ phrases.
- —————- than the train left. So, they decided to go to college on foot.
- Youth is the prime period of a man’s life. If we sow good seeds in youth, —————
- Youth is golden season of life. In youth the mind is soft and ———————
- We work hard so that we can attain prosperity. Peace and prosperity are not possible if ————–.
- A man who ———– brings misery for him. He becomes burden to all.
- A rickshaw puller is very industrious. Though he drives rickshaw from morning till late night, —————.
- Kamal fell seriously ill because of his working hard for the exam. He decided that ———————-
- Bangladesh is a small country with a huge population. Most of the people cannot afford to educate their children because of ———————–
- The number of educational institutions in our country is very insignificant. She needs more educational institutions so that ——————
- Arif met his friend Saif on his way to college. Since the sky was cloudy, —————–.
2.
- He is a very brilliant student. He —————- than copy.
- Fishing is my hobby. ————-, I go fishing.
- He scored GPA-5 in the HSC examination because ——————-. We should congratulate him.
- Many people attended the meeting. The leader spoke so nicely that —————–.
- You are very sick. You should stay at home so that ———————.
- Adopting unfair means in the examination is very bad. It is high time we ————————-.
- Last year I went to England. I visited Startford-up –avon which ————–.
- Air is polluted in many ways. It is high time we ——————–.
- English is an international language. If you want to go abroad for higher study,———————.
- Water was drying up very quickly. Farmers stopped water lest ———————–.
3.
(a) There were many students in the class. The teacher spoke loudly so that ——————–.
(b) Most of the people our country are farmers. They are so poor that ——————–.
(c) He came to me for help. Here is some money which ———————-.
(d) Education is the backbone of a nation. Since education is essential for success, ——————–.
(e) Our agriculture mostly depends on rain. It there is no rain in any year, ——————-.
(f) Our family shifted to Chittagong when ——————- . We have been living here since then.
(g) I am fond of games and sports. I play football, cricket and tennis but ——————.
(h) Unless we leave now, —————-. Please hurry up.
(i) The sun rose. No sooner had the sun risen than the —————-.
(j) My friend is now in serious financial problem. I wish ——————.
(a) This year crops did not grow well because of ———————–. The price of all necessary things are increasing day by day.
(b) Happiness lies in contentment. Inspite of —————-, he is not happy.
(c) Students always make noise in his classroom. He speaks so slowly that ——————–
(d) There are innumerable numbers of stars in the sky. There are some stars which ————————-.
(e) He wants all his children go to school. Since he is poor, ——————–.
(f) My friends live in Sreemongol. Whenever I can manage time, ————————.
(g) The students were loitering in the corridor. No sooner had they seen the teacher than —————–.
(h) The club is for members only. You cannot go and pass your time there unless ———————.
(i) I need to meet you. In case you are late, ——————–.
(j) All of my friends have gone on an excursion. I could not accompany trhem for my examination. I wish ——.
B .Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/ phrases.
1.
(a)Honesty is the best policy. If you maintain honesty ——————.
(b) Patriotism is a noble virtue. It is high time —————-.
(c) English is an international language. I wish —————-.
(d) If I had much money ——————.
(e) There goes a proverb that ————-. So, you have to make friendship with a gentleman.
(f) Hardly had he seen his friend —————-.
(g) It is long time since we —————–.
(h) All of us have to work hard with a view to —————.
(i) I was too young to —————-.
(j) A student has to be punctual. He has to study regularly lest he —————
2.
(a) Bangladesh is a country which ———. Winter is one of them.
(b) I have a small garden. I have made a fence around it so that ————.
(c) Youth is the best period of life. If we waste this time, ———–.
(d) Adnan is learning grammar. One of the items is too difficult for ———–.
(e)You should stop memorizing. Read the texts thoroughly with a view to ———.
(f) Mina is talkative. She reads little. But she speaks as if ———–.
(g) The bee is a model of industry. It flies from flower to flower to ———.
(h) Bobi chose a beautiful necklace. But it was so precious ————.
(i) Flower is a symbol of beauty and purity. When flowers bloom ———–.
(j) Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist of the world. It was 1616 when ———-.
3.
(a) 16th December is observed as Victory Day every year in Bangladesh. It is really a red-letter day in our national history, because on this day ————.
(b) A proverb goes that ———–. So we must try to lead an honest life.
(c) Courtesy means ———–. Courtesy costs nothing but brings a lot.
(d) Bangladesh is an agricultural country. As her economy depends on agriculture, ———-.
(e) Time is very important in our life. You cannot prosper in life unless ————–.
(f) Bangladesh is our motherland. It is a small but beautiful country. Though it is a small country, it is—–
(g) Early rising gives a man enough free time. Since I am an early riser ————-.
(h) You must have confidence in your ability. If you ———- you will be successful.
(i) My final examination is going on. I studied hard lest I —————.
(j) His father has no ability to bear his son’s educational expenses. So the son takes up a part time job so that ————-.
4.
(a) The job market is getting bad to worse day by day. If you don’t work hard in your student life, —–
(b) Trees are most important for our survival. They supply oxygen without which ———.
(c) My HSC exam is knocking at the door. I have to study attentively so that ——-.
(d) I have lost my cell phone. Would you mind ——– so that I can talk to my mother.
(e) Last week my friend Hasan met with an accident. No sooner had I heard the news than ——–.
(f) Flower is a sybol of beauty, love and purity. There is hardly anyone who ———-.
(g) Walk fast lest ————–.
(h) Jui is studying medicine. She wants ———-.
(i) During the recent years, most teenagers have become facebook freak. They waste time for nothing. They should know that ————.
(j) He came to my room while ——–. He did not wake me up.
C .Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/ phrases.
- (a) That ———- is obvious to all.
(b) We cannot bolt what ———–.
(c) ———- where I kept my wallet.
(d) His father is ————- in our village.
(e) No war will break out when ———–.
(f) When nature takes revenge —————-.
(g) Love is divine which ————. We should love one another to lead a peaceful life.
(h) An educated mother plays a vital role ————.
(i) The boy reached the school after ———–.
(j) It’s not good ———–. A man is known by the company he keeps.
- (a) The students were sympathetic and patriotic. That’s why ————–.
(b) There were five boys. I took five books that ————-.
(c) When we came out ————–. He was worthy of getting such greetings.
(d) He came to my room while ———-. He didn’t wake me up.
(e) Courtesy costs nothing ————-.
(f) He is still not coming. Do you know ———–?
(g) There is a proverb that —————, there is a way. It means success in our life depends on our determination and will power.
(h) Hundreds of people are born deaf every year. They should not be neglected because ———-.
(i) Water is life saving element when ———-. But it is also a life killing element when it is polluted.
(j) Some books make us laugh, some books make us cry while ———. So, we should read books.
- (a) The sky is cloudy and ————.
(b) Allah has made man but a tailor makes a gentleman. I prefer wearing clear, ironed clothes and —-.
(c) There goes the proverb “United we stand, divided we fall.” Unless we are united ———-.
(d) You have helped me in my danger. I assured you ———–.
(e) It is high time ———. Don’t waste your time.
(f) Since there are no more questions to discuss —————.
(g) When I was a child ————.
(h) There are many helpless people. I wish ————.
(i) The flim ended very fantastically. If you enjoyed the film, ————.
(j) Though he was late, ————–.