Class: 8; Unit: 9; Lesson-6(A); Paper and Wheel
Communication of ideas is at the centre of civilization. It needs written records. Most of our records in the modern age are on paper.
āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžā§āĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĄ/ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨.āĨ¤ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻļ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻŽā§ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Though writing was invented very early, paper is a more modern invention. For long in history, people transferred ideas through speaking and listening.
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§, āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Then there came the art of writing. But to record thoughts in writing was difficult.
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
Writing material was not available. People used surface of stone, metal, wood, bark, leaves, etc for writing.
āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°, āĻ§āĻžāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻžāĻ , āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛, āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤āĨ¤
Those things were not easy to carry. Then for ages, people looked for easy writing materials.
āĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Finally, Paper was invented in china in 105 AD. Before paper age, knowledge was very restricted. Can you think of that time?
āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇā§, ā§§ā§Ļā§Ģ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻž?
There were very few books in the world. May be, they were written on stone or on heavy wood plunks or on metal sheets.
āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻ¤āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
Suppose, one page was a heavy stone block. So, think of a hundred page book! In our age, you can carry the entire world of knowledge in digital from in your laptop bag.
āĻ§āĻ°, āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻāĻļ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨! āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§, āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻžāĨ¤
You can even carry a huge volume of paper encyclopedia. But who could produce and carry tons of heavy stone books and documents in those paperless days?
āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻž. āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻĨāĻŋ?
In fact, paper has made publication and the spread of knowledge and information easy. So, you can see how paper has changed our life.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§, āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ, āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
01. Communication (n) 02. Centre (n) 03. Invent (v) 04. Transfer (v) 05. Thought (n) 06. Available (adj) 07. Surface (n) 08. Bark (n) 09. Material (n) 10. Encyclopedia (n) 11. Plunk (n) 12. Huge (adj) 13. Heavy (adj) |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇ
ā§Ļā§§. āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§ ā§Ļā§¨. āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° ā§Ļā§Š. āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž ā§Ļā§Ē. āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž ā§Ļā§Ģ. āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž ā§Ļā§Ŧ. āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯ ā§Ļā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ ā§Ļā§Ž. āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛, āĻāĻžāĻ˛ ā§Ļā§¯, āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻžā§ ā§§ā§§. āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ¤āĻž ā§§ā§¨. āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ ā§§ā§Š. āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ |