JSC Seen📖Class VIII

Class: 8; Unit: 9; Lesson-6(A); Paper and Wheel

Communication of ideas is at the centre of civilization. It needs written records. Most of our records in the modern age are on paper.

āĻ¸āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻĻāĻžā§āĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ/ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻœāĻ¨.āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœā§‡ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻŽā§‡ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

Though writing was invented very early, paper is a more modern invention. For long in history, people transferred ideas through speaking and listening.

āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§‡ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Then there came the art of writing. But to record thoughts in writing was difficult.

āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

Writing material was not available. People used surface of stone, metal, wood, bark, leaves, etc for writing.

āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°, āĻ§āĻžāĻ¤ā§, āĻ•āĻžāĻ , āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛, āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤āĨ¤

Those things were not easy to carry. Then for ages, people looked for easy writing materials.

āĻāĻ‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤

Finally, Paper was invented in china in 105 AD. Before paper age, knowledge was very restricted. Can you think of that time?

āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡, ā§§ā§Ļā§Ģ  āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ–ā§āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻž?

There were very few books in the world. May be, they were written on stone or on heavy wood plunks or on metal sheets.

āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻ ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻ¤āĻŦ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

Suppose, one page was a heavy stone block. So, think of a hundred page book! In our age, you can carry the entire world of knowledge in digital from in your laptop bag.

āĻ§āĻ°, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡, āĻāĻ•āĻļ āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨! āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻ—ā§‡, āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻŸāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ— āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻœāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ˛ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒā§‡ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻžāĨ¤

You can even carry a huge volume of paper encyclopedia. But who could produce and carry tons of heavy stone books and documents in those paperless days?

āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‹āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‰āĻŽ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻž. āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŸāĻ¨ āĻŸāĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻĨāĻŋ?

In fact, paper has made publication and the spread of knowledge and information easy. So, you can see how paper has changed our life.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡, āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ‚, āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

01.  Communication (n)

02.  Centre (n)

03.  Invent (v)

04.  Transfer (v)

05.  Thought (n)

06.  Available (adj)

07.  Surface (n)

08.  Bark (n)

09.  Material (n)

10.  Encyclopedia (n)

11.  Plunk (n)

12.  Huge (adj)

13.  Heavy (adj)

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ•ā§‹āĻˇ

ā§Ļā§§. āĻ†āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿ

ā§Ļā§¨. āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°

ā§Ļā§Š. āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ļā§Ē. āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ļā§Ģ. āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž

ā§Ļā§Ŧ. āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯

ā§Ļā§­, āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—

ā§Ļā§Ž. āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛, āĻ›āĻžāĻ˛

ā§Ļā§¯, āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§

ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡āĻžā§Ÿ

ā§§ā§§. āĻ¤āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻž

ā§§ā§¨. āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛

ā§§ā§Š. āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§€