Unit: 1; Lesson: 3; Our Ethnic Communities
Our Ethnic Communities
Bangladesh is home to more than 54 indigenous groups, including the Chakma, Marma, and Tripura, with most living in in the northern and southeastern flatlands, and the rest in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. They have distinct lifestyles, economic practices, and belief systems. These groups speak at least 35 distinct languages, adding to the country’s cultural richness. However, many of these languages are endangered, as the dominance of Bangla and modern societal pressures push them towards extinction, a global issue known as “language death.” The UN warns that many Indigenous languages one disappearing with one dying every British colonial rule, every two weeks.
During the British Colonial Rule, indigenous communities played a significant role in resisting oppression. Leaders like Sidhu and Kanu led uprisings, such as the Santhal Rebellion, highlighting contributions to the anti-colonial struggle. struggle. Despite this legacy, Indigenous people in Bangladesh today face challenges in preserving their languages and culture. The government’s efforts to include Indigenous languages in preschool education face hurdles like a lack of trained teachers and resources for higher education.
Additionally, the 1957 construction of the Kaptai Dam, funded by USAID and built by the Pakistani government, displaced thousands of people in the hill tracts, submerging their homes their homes and farmlands under the Karnaphuli River, disrupting their livelihoods and cultural connections to the land. This history of displacement and ongoing marginalization continues to affect indigenous communities in Bangladesh.
বাংলা অর্থ / বাংলা অনুবাদ:
বাংলাদেশে ৫৪টিরও বেশি আদিবাসী জনগোষ্ঠীর বসবাস রয়েছে। এর মধ্যে চাকমা, মারমা ও ত্রিপুরা উল্লেখযোগ্য। এদের অধিকাংশ উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ-পূর্বাঞ্চলের সমতল ভূমিতে এবং বাকিরা পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামে বসবাস করে। এসব জনগোষ্ঠীর জীবনযাপন পদ্ধতি, অর্থনৈতিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও বিশ্বাসব্যবস্থা একে অপরের থেকে ভিন্ন। তারা অন্তত ৩৫টি ভিন্ন ভাষায় কথা বলে, যা দেশের সাংস্কৃতিক বৈচিত্র্যকে আরও সমৃদ্ধ করেছে। তবে বাংলা ভাষার প্রভাব ও আধুনিক সমাজের চাপের কারণে এসব ভাষার অনেকগুলো আজ বিলুপ্তির পথে। এই বৈশ্বিক সমস্যাটিকে “ভাষা বিলুপ্তি (Language Death)” বলা হয়। জাতিসংঘ সতর্ক করেছে যে বিশ্বে প্রতি দুই সপ্তাহে একটি করে আদিবাসী ভাষা হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে।
ব্রিটিশ ঔপনিবেশিক শাসনামলে আদিবাসী জনগোষ্ঠী নিপীড়নের বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তুলতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে। সিধু ও কানুর মতো নেতারা সাঁওতাল বিদ্রোহের নেতৃত্ব দেন, যা উপনিবেশবিরোধী সংগ্রামে আদিবাসীদের অবদানকে তুলে ধরে। এই গৌরবময় ইতিহাস সত্ত্বেও বর্তমানে বাংলাদেশের আদিবাসীরা তাদের ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি সংরক্ষণে নানা চ্যালেঞ্জের মুখে রয়েছে। সরকার প্রাক-প্রাথমিক শিক্ষায় আদিবাসী ভাষা অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার উদ্যোগ নিলেও প্রশিক্ষিত শিক্ষক ও উচ্চশিক্ষার জন্য পর্যাপ্ত উপকরণের অভাব বড় বাধা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে।
এছাড়া, ১৯৫৭ সালে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইউএসএআইডির অর্থায়নে এবং তৎকালীন পাকিস্তান সরকারের মাধ্যমে নির্মিত কাপ্তাই বাঁধ পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামে হাজার হাজার মানুষকে বাস্তুচ্যুত করে। কর্ণফুলী নদীর পানিতে তাদের ঘরবাড়ি ও কৃষিজমি ডুবে যায়, ফলে জীবিকা ও ভূমির সঙ্গে তাদের সাংস্কৃতিক সম্পর্ক মারাত্মকভাবে ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত হয়। এই বাস্তুচ্যুতি ও চলমান প্রান্তিকীকরণের ইতিহাস আজও বাংলাদেশের আদিবাসী জনগোষ্ঠীর জীবনকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করছে।
Vocabulary :
1. Indigenous
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Meaning (বাংলা): আদিবাসী
-
Synonym: Native
-
Antonym: Foreign
-
Part of Speech: Adjective
2. Distinct
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Meaning: স্বতন্ত্র
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Synonym: Separate
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Antonym: Similar
-
Part of Speech: Adjective
3. Lifestyle
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Meaning: জীবনধারা
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Synonym: Way of life
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Antonym: —
-
Part of Speech: Noun
4. Economic
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Meaning: অর্থনৈতিক
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Synonym: Financial
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Antonym: Uneconomic
-
Part of Speech: Adjective
5. Practices
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Meaning: চর্চা / কার্যপ্রণালী
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Synonym: Customs
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Antonym: Neglect
-
Part of Speech: Noun
6. Belief
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Meaning: বিশ্বাস
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Synonym: Faith
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Antonym: Doubt
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Part of Speech: Noun
7. Cultural
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Meaning: সাংস্কৃতিক
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Synonym: Traditional
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Antonym: Uncultural
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Part of Speech: Adjective
8. Richness
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Meaning: সমৃদ্ধি
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Synonym: Abundance
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Antonym: Poverty
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Part of Speech: Noun
9. Endangered
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Meaning: বিপন্ন
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Synonym: Threatened
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Antonym: Safe
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Part of Speech: Adjective
10. Dominance
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Meaning: প্রাধান্য
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Synonym: Supremacy
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Antonym: Weakness
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Part of Speech: Noun
11. Pressure
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Meaning: চাপ
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Synonym: Stress
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Antonym: Relief
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Part of Speech: Noun
12. Extinction
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Meaning: বিলুপ্তি
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Synonym: Disappearance
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Antonym: Survival
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Part of Speech: Noun
13. Global
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Meaning: বৈশ্বিক
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Synonym: Worldwide
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Antonym: Local
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Part of Speech: Adjective
14. Issue
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Meaning: সমস্যা
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Synonym: Problem
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Antonym: Solution
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Part of Speech: Noun
15. Warn
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Meaning: সতর্ক করা
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Synonym: Alert
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Antonym: Assure
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Part of Speech: Verb
16. Colonial
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Meaning: ঔপনিবেশিক
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Synonym: Imperial
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Antonym: Independent
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Part of Speech: Adjective
17. Rule
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Meaning: শাসন
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Synonym: Governance
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Antonym: Anarchy
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Part of Speech: Noun
18. Resist
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Meaning: প্রতিরোধ করা
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Synonym: Oppose
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Antonym: Accept
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Part of Speech: Verb
19. Oppression
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Meaning: নিপীড়ন
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Synonym: Tyranny
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Antonym: Freedom
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Part of Speech: Noun
20. Leader
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Meaning: নেতা
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Synonym: Chief
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Antonym: Follower
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Part of Speech: Noun
21. Uprising
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Meaning: বিদ্রোহ
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Synonym: Revolt
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Antonym: Submission
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Part of Speech: Noun
22. Rebellion
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Meaning: বিদ্রোহ
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Synonym: Insurrection
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Antonym: Obedience
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Part of Speech: Noun
23. Contribution
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Meaning: অবদান
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Synonym: Participation
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Antonym: Withdrawal
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Part of Speech: Noun
24. Legacy
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Meaning: উত্তরাধিকার
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Synonym: Heritage
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Antonym: Loss
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Part of Speech: Noun
25. Preserve
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Meaning: সংরক্ষণ করা
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Synonym: Protect
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Antonym: Destroy
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Part of Speech: Verb
26. Challenge
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Meaning: চ্যালেঞ্জ
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Synonym: Difficulty
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Antonym: Ease
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Part of Speech: Noun
27. Government
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Meaning: সরকার
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Synonym: Authority
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Antonym: Anarchy
-
Part of Speech: Noun
28. Effort
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Meaning: প্রচেষ্টা
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Synonym: Attempt
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Antonym: Neglect
-
Part of Speech: Noun
29. Include
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Meaning: অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা
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Synonym: Contain
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Antonym: Exclude
-
Part of Speech: Verb
30. Education
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Meaning: শিক্ষা
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Synonym: Learning
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Antonym: Ignorance
-
Part of Speech: Noun
31. Hurdle
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Meaning: বাধা
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Synonym: Obstacle
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Antonym: Help
-
Part of Speech: Noun
32. Resource
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Meaning: সম্পদ
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Synonym: Asset
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Antonym: Liability
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Part of Speech: Noun
33. Construction
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Meaning: নির্মাণ
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Synonym: Building
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Antonym: Destruction
-
Part of Speech: Noun
34. Dam
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Meaning: বাঁধ
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Synonym: Barrier
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Antonym: Channel
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Part of Speech: Noun
35. Funded
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Meaning: অর্থায়িত
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Synonym: Financed
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Antonym: Unfunded
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Part of Speech: Verb
36. Displace
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Meaning: বাস্তুচ্যুত করা
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Synonym: Evict
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Antonym: Settle
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Part of Speech: Verb
37. Submerge
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Meaning: ডুবিয়ে দেওয়া
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Synonym: Flood
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Antonym: Emerge
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Part of Speech: Verb
38. Livelihood
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Meaning: জীবিকা
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Synonym: Means of living
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Antonym: Unemployment
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Part of Speech: Noun
39. Connection
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Meaning: সংযোগ
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Synonym: Relationship
-
Antonym: Separation
-
Part of Speech: Noun
40. Land
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Meaning: ভূমি
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Synonym: Soil
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Antonym: Water
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Part of Speech: Noun
41. History
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Meaning: ইতিহাস
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Synonym: Past
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Antonym: Future
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Part of Speech: Noun
42. Marginalization
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Meaning: প্রান্তিকীকরণ
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Synonym: Exclusion
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Antonym: Inclusion
-
Part of Speech: Noun
43. Affect
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Meaning: প্রভাব ফেলা
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Synonym: Influence
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Antonym: Ignore
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Part of Speech: Verb
44. Community
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Meaning: সম্প্রদায়
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Synonym: Society
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Antonym: Individual
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Part of Speech: Noun
45. Identity
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Meaning: পরিচয়
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Synonym: Recognition
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Antonym: Anonymity
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Part of Speech: Noun
46. Diversity
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Meaning: বৈচিত্র্য
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Synonym: Variety
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Antonym: Uniformity
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Part of Speech: Noun
47. Heritage
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Meaning: ঐতিহ্য
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Synonym: Tradition
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Antonym: Modernity
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Part of Speech: Noun
48. Struggle
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Meaning: সংগ্রাম
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Synonym: Fight
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Antonym: Peace
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Part of Speech: Noun
49. Survival
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Meaning: টিকে থাকা
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Synonym: Existence
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Antonym: Death
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Part of Speech: Noun
50. Disruption
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Meaning: বিঘ্ন
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Synonym: Disturbance
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Antonym: Continuity
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Part of Speech: Noun
A. MCQ based on Text (1–20)
-
Bangladesh is home to more than how many indigenous groups?
A. 40
B. 45
C. 50
D. 54 -
Which of the following is an indigenous group of Bangladesh?
A. Bengali
B. Chakma
C. Punjabi
D. Tamil -
Most indigenous people live in the —
A. Coastal belt
B. Northern and southeastern flatlands
C. Central cities
D. Western plateau -
The rest of the indigenous people live in the —
A. Sundarbans
B. Sylhet region
C. Chittagong Hill Tracts
D. Barind Tract -
Indigenous groups have distinct —
A. Food habits only
B. Lifestyles and belief systems
C. Climate conditions
D. Political systems -
How many distinct languages do indigenous groups speak?
A. About 20
B. About 25
C. At least 35
D. More than 60 -
These languages add to the country’s —
A. Economy
B. Military power
C. Cultural richness
D. Political strength -
Many indigenous languages are endangered because of —
A. Climate change
B. Dominance of Bangla
C. Tourism
D. Migration abroad -
Language death refers to —
A. Birth of new languages
B. Language modernization
C. Extinction of languages
D. Translation of languages -
According to the UN, one indigenous language disappears every —
A. Week
B. Month
C. Year
D. Two weeks -
During British rule, indigenous people mainly —
A. Supported the British
B. Remained neutral
C. Resisted oppression
D. Migrated abroad -
Sidhu and Kanu led the —
A. Indigo Revolt
B. Santhal Rebellion
C. Sepoy Mutiny
D. Tebhaga Movement -
The Santhal Rebellion was part of the —
A. Cultural movement
B. Anti-colonial struggle
C. Language movement
D. Economic reform -
Today indigenous people face challenges in preserving —
A. Agriculture
B. Industry
C. Language and culture
D. Technology -
Government efforts focus on indigenous languages in —
A. Universities
B. Secondary schools
C. Preschool education
D. Madrasa education -
One major hurdle is lack of —
A. Interest
B. Laws
C. Trained teachers
D. Students -
The Kaptai Dam was built in —
A. 1947
B. 1952
C. 1957
D. 1965 -
The Kaptai Dam project was funded by —
A. UNDP
B. World Bank
C. USAID
D. IMF -
The dam submerged lands under the —
A. Meghna River
B. Jamuna River
C. Padma River
D. Karnaphuli River -
Displacement mainly affected people in the —
A. Northern plains
B. Hill tracts
C. Coastal islands
D. Urban areas
B. MCQ based on Synonym (21–30)
-
The synonym of Indigenous is —
A. Foreign
B. Native
C. Modern
D. Urban -
The synonym of Distinct is —
A. Similar
B. Common
C. Separate
D. Equal -
The synonym of Endangered is —
A. Safe
B. Protected
C. Threatened
D. Secure -
The synonym of Dominance is —
A. Weakness
B. Supremacy
C. Equality
D. Balance -
The synonym of Resist is —
A. Accept
B. Allow
C. Oppose
D. Support -
The synonym of Oppression is —
A. Freedom
B. Liberty
C. Tyranny
D. Justice -
The synonym of Preserve is —
A. Destroy
B. Protect
C. Waste
D. Ignore -
The synonym of Hurdle is —
A. Help
B. Advantage
C. Obstacle
D. Facility -
The synonym of Displace is —
A. Settle
B. Evict
C. Join
D. Protect -
The synonym of Marginalization is —
A. Inclusion
B. Equality
C. Exclusion
D. Promotion
C. MCQ based on Antonym (31–40)
-
The antonym of Global is —
A. National
B. Regional
C. Local
D. Cultural -
The antonym of Extinction is —
A. Loss
B. Survival
C. Death
D. Decline -
The antonym of Oppression is —
A. Control
B. Rule
C. Freedom
D. Power -
The antonym of Preserve is —
A. Save
B. Keep
C. Destroy
D. Protect -
The antonym of Include is —
A. Add
B. Join
C. Exclude
D. Enter -
The antonym of Construction is —
A. Creation
B. Building
C. Development
D. Destruction -
The antonym of Submerge is —
A. Sink
B. Flood
C. Emerge
D. Cover -
The antonym of Connection is —
A. Relation
B. Bond
C. Separation
D. Link -
The antonym of Marginalization is —
A. Isolation
B. Inclusion
C. Neglect
D. Discrimination -
The antonym of Survival is —
A. Life
B. Growth
C. Safety
D. Death
D. MCQ based on Parts of Speech (41–50)
-
The word “Indigenous” is a/an —
A. Noun
B. Verb
C. Adjective
D. Adverb -
The word “Culture” is a —
A. Verb
B. Noun
C. Adjective
D. Pronoun -
The word “Resist” is a —
A. Noun
B. Adjective
C. Verb
D. Adverb -
The word “Extinction” is a —
A. Verb
B. Adjective
C. Noun
D. Adverb -
The word “Warns” is a —
A. Noun
B. Verb
C. Adjective
D. Conjunction -
The word “Colonial” is a —
A. Noun
B. Verb
C. Adjective
D. Adverb -
The word “Effort” is a —
A. Verb
B. Adjective
C. Noun
D. Adverb -
The word “Displacement” is a —
A. Verb
B. Noun
C. Adjective
D. Adverb -
The word “Preschool” is used as a —
A. Verb
B. Adjective
C. Noun
D. Adverb -
The word “Affect” is a —
A. Noun
B. Verb
C. Adjective
D. Preposition
