JSC Seen📖Class VIII

Unit: 1; Lesson: 3; Our Ethnic Communities

Our Ethnic Communities

Bangladesh is home to more than 54 indigenous groups, including the Chakma, Marma, and Tripura, with most living in in the northern and southeastern flatlands, and the rest in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. They have distinct lifestyles, economic practices, and belief systems. These groups speak at least 35 distinct languages, adding to the country’s cultural richness. However, many of these languages are endangered, as the dominance of Bangla and modern societal pressures push them towards extinction, a global issue known as “language death.” The UN warns that many Indigenous languages one disappearing with one dying every British colonial rule, every two weeks.

During the British Colonial Rule, indigenous communities played a significant role in resisting oppression. Leaders like Sidhu and Kanu led uprisings, such as the Santhal Rebellion, highlighting contributions to the anti-colonial struggle. struggle. Despite this legacy, Indigenous people in Bangladesh today face challenges in preserving their languages and culture. The government’s efforts to include Indigenous languages in preschool education face hurdles like a lack of trained teachers and resources for higher education.

Additionally, the 1957 construction of the Kaptai Dam, funded by USAID and built by the Pakistani government, displaced thousands of people in the hill tracts, submerging their homes their homes and farmlands under the Karnaphuli River, disrupting their livelihoods and cultural connections to the land. This history of displacement and ongoing marginalization continues to affect indigenous communities in Bangladesh.

বাংলা অর্থ / বাংলা অনুবাদ:

বাংলাদেশে ৫৪টিরও বেশি আদিবাসী জনগোষ্ঠীর বসবাস রয়েছে। এর মধ্যে চাকমা, মারমা ও ত্রিপুরা উল্লেখযোগ্য। এদের অধিকাংশ উত্তর ও দক্ষিণ-পূর্বাঞ্চলের সমতল ভূমিতে এবং বাকিরা পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামে বসবাস করে। এসব জনগোষ্ঠীর জীবনযাপন পদ্ধতি, অর্থনৈতিক কর্মকাণ্ড ও বিশ্বাসব্যবস্থা একে অপরের থেকে ভিন্ন। তারা অন্তত ৩৫টি ভিন্ন ভাষায় কথা বলে, যা দেশের সাংস্কৃতিক বৈচিত্র্যকে আরও সমৃদ্ধ করেছে। তবে বাংলা ভাষার প্রভাব ও আধুনিক সমাজের চাপের কারণে এসব ভাষার অনেকগুলো আজ বিলুপ্তির পথে। এই বৈশ্বিক সমস্যাটিকে “ভাষা বিলুপ্তি (Language Death)” বলা হয়। জাতিসংঘ সতর্ক করেছে যে বিশ্বে প্রতি দুই সপ্তাহে একটি করে আদিবাসী ভাষা হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে।

ব্রিটিশ ঔপনিবেশিক শাসনামলে আদিবাসী জনগোষ্ঠী নিপীড়নের বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তুলতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে। সিধু ও কানুর মতো নেতারা সাঁওতাল বিদ্রোহের নেতৃত্ব দেন, যা উপনিবেশবিরোধী সংগ্রামে আদিবাসীদের অবদানকে তুলে ধরে। এই গৌরবময় ইতিহাস সত্ত্বেও বর্তমানে বাংলাদেশের আদিবাসীরা তাদের ভাষা ও সংস্কৃতি সংরক্ষণে নানা চ্যালেঞ্জের মুখে রয়েছে। সরকার প্রাক-প্রাথমিক শিক্ষায় আদিবাসী ভাষা অন্তর্ভুক্ত করার উদ্যোগ নিলেও প্রশিক্ষিত শিক্ষক ও উচ্চশিক্ষার জন্য পর্যাপ্ত উপকরণের অভাব বড় বাধা হয়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে।

এছাড়া, ১৯৫৭ সালে যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ইউএসএআইডির অর্থায়নে এবং তৎকালীন পাকিস্তান সরকারের মাধ্যমে নির্মিত কাপ্তাই বাঁধ পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামে হাজার হাজার মানুষকে বাস্তুচ্যুত করে। কর্ণফুলী নদীর পানিতে তাদের ঘরবাড়ি ও কৃষিজমি ডুবে যায়, ফলে জীবিকা ও ভূমির সঙ্গে তাদের সাংস্কৃতিক সম্পর্ক মারাত্মকভাবে ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত হয়। এই বাস্তুচ্যুতি ও চলমান প্রান্তিকীকরণের ইতিহাস আজও বাংলাদেশের আদিবাসী জনগোষ্ঠীর জীবনকে গভীরভাবে প্রভাবিত করছে।

Vocabulary :

1. Indigenous

  • Meaning (বাংলা): আদিবাসী

  • Synonym: Native

  • Antonym: Foreign

  • Part of Speech: Adjective

2. Distinct

  • Meaning: স্বতন্ত্র

  • Synonym: Separate

  • Antonym: Similar

  • Part of Speech: Adjective

3. Lifestyle

  • Meaning: জীবনধারা

  • Synonym: Way of life

  • Antonym:

  • Part of Speech: Noun

4. Economic

  • Meaning: অর্থনৈতিক

  • Synonym: Financial

  • Antonym: Uneconomic

  • Part of Speech: Adjective

5. Practices

  • Meaning: চর্চা / কার্যপ্রণালী

  • Synonym: Customs

  • Antonym: Neglect

  • Part of Speech: Noun

6. Belief

  • Meaning: বিশ্বাস

  • Synonym: Faith

  • Antonym: Doubt

  • Part of Speech: Noun

7. Cultural

  • Meaning: সাংস্কৃতিক

  • Synonym: Traditional

  • Antonym: Uncultural

  • Part of Speech: Adjective

8. Richness

  • Meaning: সমৃদ্ধি

  • Synonym: Abundance

  • Antonym: Poverty

  • Part of Speech: Noun

9. Endangered

  • Meaning: বিপন্ন

  • Synonym: Threatened

  • Antonym: Safe

  • Part of Speech: Adjective

10. Dominance

  • Meaning: প্রাধান্য

  • Synonym: Supremacy

  • Antonym: Weakness

  • Part of Speech: Noun

11. Pressure

  • Meaning: চাপ

  • Synonym: Stress

  • Antonym: Relief

  • Part of Speech: Noun

12. Extinction

  • Meaning: বিলুপ্তি

  • Synonym: Disappearance

  • Antonym: Survival

  • Part of Speech: Noun

13. Global

  • Meaning: বৈশ্বিক

  • Synonym: Worldwide

  • Antonym: Local

  • Part of Speech: Adjective

14. Issue

  • Meaning: সমস্যা

  • Synonym: Problem

  • Antonym: Solution

  • Part of Speech: Noun

15. Warn

  • Meaning: সতর্ক করা

  • Synonym: Alert

  • Antonym: Assure

  • Part of Speech: Verb

16. Colonial

  • Meaning: ঔপনিবেশিক

  • Synonym: Imperial

  • Antonym: Independent

  • Part of Speech: Adjective

17. Rule

  • Meaning: শাসন

  • Synonym: Governance

  • Antonym: Anarchy

  • Part of Speech: Noun

18. Resist

  • Meaning: প্রতিরোধ করা

  • Synonym: Oppose

  • Antonym: Accept

  • Part of Speech: Verb

19. Oppression

  • Meaning: নিপীড়ন

  • Synonym: Tyranny

  • Antonym: Freedom

  • Part of Speech: Noun

20. Leader

  • Meaning: নেতা

  • Synonym: Chief

  • Antonym: Follower

  • Part of Speech: Noun

21. Uprising

  • Meaning: বিদ্রোহ

  • Synonym: Revolt

  • Antonym: Submission

  • Part of Speech: Noun

22. Rebellion

  • Meaning: বিদ্রোহ

  • Synonym: Insurrection

  • Antonym: Obedience

  • Part of Speech: Noun

23. Contribution

  • Meaning: অবদান

  • Synonym: Participation

  • Antonym: Withdrawal

  • Part of Speech: Noun

24. Legacy

  • Meaning: উত্তরাধিকার

  • Synonym: Heritage

  • Antonym: Loss

  • Part of Speech: Noun

25. Preserve

  • Meaning: সংরক্ষণ করা

  • Synonym: Protect

  • Antonym: Destroy

  • Part of Speech: Verb

26. Challenge

  • Meaning: চ্যালেঞ্জ

  • Synonym: Difficulty

  • Antonym: Ease

  • Part of Speech: Noun

27. Government

  • Meaning: সরকার

  • Synonym: Authority

  • Antonym: Anarchy

  • Part of Speech: Noun

28. Effort

  • Meaning: প্রচেষ্টা

  • Synonym: Attempt

  • Antonym: Neglect

  • Part of Speech: Noun

29. Include

  • Meaning: অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা

  • Synonym: Contain

  • Antonym: Exclude

  • Part of Speech: Verb

30. Education

  • Meaning: শিক্ষা

  • Synonym: Learning

  • Antonym: Ignorance

  • Part of Speech: Noun

31. Hurdle

  • Meaning: বাধা

  • Synonym: Obstacle

  • Antonym: Help

  • Part of Speech: Noun

32. Resource

  • Meaning: সম্পদ

  • Synonym: Asset

  • Antonym: Liability

  • Part of Speech: Noun

33. Construction

  • Meaning: নির্মাণ

  • Synonym: Building

  • Antonym: Destruction

  • Part of Speech: Noun

34. Dam

  • Meaning: বাঁধ

  • Synonym: Barrier

  • Antonym: Channel

  • Part of Speech: Noun

35. Funded

  • Meaning: অর্থায়িত

  • Synonym: Financed

  • Antonym: Unfunded

  • Part of Speech: Verb

36. Displace

  • Meaning: বাস্তুচ্যুত করা

  • Synonym: Evict

  • Antonym: Settle

  • Part of Speech: Verb

37. Submerge

  • Meaning: ডুবিয়ে দেওয়া

  • Synonym: Flood

  • Antonym: Emerge

  • Part of Speech: Verb

38. Livelihood

  • Meaning: জীবিকা

  • Synonym: Means of living

  • Antonym: Unemployment

  • Part of Speech: Noun

39. Connection

  • Meaning: সংযোগ

  • Synonym: Relationship

  • Antonym: Separation

  • Part of Speech: Noun

40. Land

  • Meaning: ভূমি

  • Synonym: Soil

  • Antonym: Water

  • Part of Speech: Noun

41. History

  • Meaning: ইতিহাস

  • Synonym: Past

  • Antonym: Future

  • Part of Speech: Noun

42. Marginalization

  • Meaning: প্রান্তিকীকরণ

  • Synonym: Exclusion

  • Antonym: Inclusion

  • Part of Speech: Noun

43. Affect

  • Meaning: প্রভাব ফেলা

  • Synonym: Influence

  • Antonym: Ignore

  • Part of Speech: Verb

44. Community

  • Meaning: সম্প্রদায়

  • Synonym: Society

  • Antonym: Individual

  • Part of Speech: Noun

45. Identity

  • Meaning: পরিচয়

  • Synonym: Recognition

  • Antonym: Anonymity

  • Part of Speech: Noun

46. Diversity

  • Meaning: বৈচিত্র্য

  • Synonym: Variety

  • Antonym: Uniformity

  • Part of Speech: Noun

47. Heritage

  • Meaning: ঐতিহ্য

  • Synonym: Tradition

  • Antonym: Modernity

  • Part of Speech: Noun

48. Struggle

  • Meaning: সংগ্রাম

  • Synonym: Fight

  • Antonym: Peace

  • Part of Speech: Noun

49. Survival

  • Meaning: টিকে থাকা

  • Synonym: Existence

  • Antonym: Death

  • Part of Speech: Noun

50. Disruption

  • Meaning: বিঘ্ন

  • Synonym: Disturbance

  • Antonym: Continuity

  • Part of Speech: Noun

A. MCQ based on Text (1–20)

  1. Bangladesh is home to more than how many indigenous groups?
    A. 40
    B. 45
    C. 50
    D. 54

  2. Which of the following is an indigenous group of Bangladesh?
    A. Bengali
    B. Chakma
    C. Punjabi
    D. Tamil

  3. Most indigenous people live in the —
    A. Coastal belt
    B. Northern and southeastern flatlands
    C. Central cities
    D. Western plateau

  4. The rest of the indigenous people live in the —
    A. Sundarbans
    B. Sylhet region
    C. Chittagong Hill Tracts
    D. Barind Tract

  5. Indigenous groups have distinct —
    A. Food habits only
    B. Lifestyles and belief systems
    C. Climate conditions
    D. Political systems

  6. How many distinct languages do indigenous groups speak?
    A. About 20
    B. About 25
    C. At least 35
    D. More than 60

  7. These languages add to the country’s —
    A. Economy
    B. Military power
    C. Cultural richness
    D. Political strength

  8. Many indigenous languages are endangered because of —
    A. Climate change
    B. Dominance of Bangla
    C. Tourism
    D. Migration abroad

  9. Language death refers to —
    A. Birth of new languages
    B. Language modernization
    C. Extinction of languages
    D. Translation of languages

  10. According to the UN, one indigenous language disappears every —
    A. Week
    B. Month
    C. Year
    D. Two weeks

  11. During British rule, indigenous people mainly —
    A. Supported the British
    B. Remained neutral
    C. Resisted oppression
    D. Migrated abroad

  12. Sidhu and Kanu led the —
    A. Indigo Revolt
    B. Santhal Rebellion
    C. Sepoy Mutiny
    D. Tebhaga Movement

  13. The Santhal Rebellion was part of the —
    A. Cultural movement
    B. Anti-colonial struggle
    C. Language movement
    D. Economic reform

  14. Today indigenous people face challenges in preserving —
    A. Agriculture
    B. Industry
    C. Language and culture
    D. Technology

  15. Government efforts focus on indigenous languages in —
    A. Universities
    B. Secondary schools
    C. Preschool education
    D. Madrasa education

  16. One major hurdle is lack of —
    A. Interest
    B. Laws
    C. Trained teachers
    D. Students

  17. The Kaptai Dam was built in —
    A. 1947
    B. 1952
    C. 1957
    D. 1965

  18. The Kaptai Dam project was funded by —
    A. UNDP
    B. World Bank
    C. USAID
    D. IMF

  19. The dam submerged lands under the —
    A. Meghna River
    B. Jamuna River
    C. Padma River
    D. Karnaphuli River

  20. Displacement mainly affected people in the —
    A. Northern plains
    B. Hill tracts
    C. Coastal islands
    D. Urban areas


B. MCQ based on Synonym (21–30)

  1. The synonym of Indigenous is —
    A. Foreign
    B. Native
    C. Modern
    D. Urban

  2. The synonym of Distinct is —
    A. Similar
    B. Common
    C. Separate
    D. Equal

  3. The synonym of Endangered is —
    A. Safe
    B. Protected
    C. Threatened
    D. Secure

  4. The synonym of Dominance is —
    A. Weakness
    B. Supremacy
    C. Equality
    D. Balance

  5. The synonym of Resist is —
    A. Accept
    B. Allow
    C. Oppose
    D. Support

  6. The synonym of Oppression is —
    A. Freedom
    B. Liberty
    C. Tyranny
    D. Justice

  7. The synonym of Preserve is —
    A. Destroy
    B. Protect
    C. Waste
    D. Ignore

  8. The synonym of Hurdle is —
    A. Help
    B. Advantage
    C. Obstacle
    D. Facility

  9. The synonym of Displace is —
    A. Settle
    B. Evict
    C. Join
    D. Protect

  10. The synonym of Marginalization is —
    A. Inclusion
    B. Equality
    C. Exclusion
    D. Promotion


C. MCQ based on Antonym (31–40)

  1. The antonym of Global is —
    A. National
    B. Regional
    C. Local
    D. Cultural

  2. The antonym of Extinction is —
    A. Loss
    B. Survival
    C. Death
    D. Decline

  3. The antonym of Oppression is —
    A. Control
    B. Rule
    C. Freedom
    D. Power

  4. The antonym of Preserve is —
    A. Save
    B. Keep
    C. Destroy
    D. Protect

  5. The antonym of Include is —
    A. Add
    B. Join
    C. Exclude
    D. Enter

  6. The antonym of Construction is —
    A. Creation
    B. Building
    C. Development
    D. Destruction

  7. The antonym of Submerge is —
    A. Sink
    B. Flood
    C. Emerge
    D. Cover

  8. The antonym of Connection is —
    A. Relation
    B. Bond
    C. Separation
    D. Link

  9. The antonym of Marginalization is —
    A. Isolation
    B. Inclusion
    C. Neglect
    D. Discrimination

  10. The antonym of Survival is —
    A. Life
    B. Growth
    C. Safety
    D. Death


D. MCQ based on Parts of Speech (41–50)

  1. The word “Indigenous” is a/an —
    A. Noun
    B. Verb
    C. Adjective
    D. Adverb

  2. The word “Culture” is a —
    A. Verb
    B. Noun
    C. Adjective
    D. Pronoun

  3. The word “Resist” is a —
    A. Noun
    B. Adjective
    C. Verb
    D. Adverb

  4. The word “Extinction” is a —
    A. Verb
    B. Adjective
    C. Noun
    D. Adverb

  5. The word “Warns” is a —
    A. Noun
    B. Verb
    C. Adjective
    D. Conjunction

  6. The word “Colonial” is a —
    A. Noun
    B. Verb
    C. Adjective
    D. Adverb

  7. The word “Effort” is a —
    A. Verb
    B. Adjective
    C. Noun
    D. Adverb

  8. The word “Displacement” is a —
    A. Verb
    B. Noun
    C. Adjective
    D. Adverb

  9. The word “Preschool” is used as a —
    A. Verb
    B. Adjective
    C. Noun
    D. Adverb

  10. The word “Affect” is a —
    A. Noun
    B. Verb
    C. Adjective
    D. Preposition

Answer key (in a row with question number):

1.D, 2.B, 3.B, 4.C, 5.B, 6.C, 7.C, 8.B, 9.C, 10.D,11.C, 12.B, 13.B, 14.C, 15.C, 16.C, 17.C, 18.C, 19.D, 20.B,21.B, 22.C, 23.C, 24.B, 25.C, 26.C, 27.B, 28.C, 29.B, 30.C, 31.C, 32.B, 33.C, 34.C, 35.C, 36.D, 37.C, 38.C, 39.B, 40.D, 41.C, 42.B, 43.C, 44.C, 45.B, 46.C, 47.C, 48.B, 49.C, 50.B

2. Answer the following questions.

1. What are indigenous groups and where do they live in Bangladesh?

Answer: Indigenous groups are native communities with their own languages, cultures, and traditions. In Bangladesh, more than 54 indigenous groups live mainly in the northern and southeastern flatlands, while others live in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.


2. How do indigenous communities add to the cultural richness of Bangladesh?

Answer: Indigenous communities add to Bangladesh’s cultural richness through their distinct lifestyles, economic practices, belief systems, festivals, and at least 35 different languages.


3. Why are many indigenous languages endangered today?

Answer: Many indigenous languages are endangered due to the dominance of Bangla, lack of institutional support, modern societal pressures, and limited use of these languages in formal education.


4. What is meant by “language death”?

Answer: “Language death” refers to the gradual disappearance of a language when its speakers stop using it. According to the UN, one indigenous language disappears every two weeks worldwide.


5. Describe the role of indigenous people during the British colonial rule.

Answer: During British colonial rule, indigenous people played a significant role in resisting oppression. Leaders like Sidhu and Kanu led uprisings such as the Santhal Rebellion, contributing to the anti-colonial struggle.


6. What challenges do indigenous people face in preserving their language and culture today?

Answer: Indigenous people face challenges such as lack of trained teachers, insufficient educational materials, limited government resources, and weak support for higher education in indigenous languages.


7. What steps has the government taken to support indigenous languages?

Answer: The government has taken initiatives to include indigenous languages in preschool education, but these efforts face obstacles like lack of teachers and learning resources.


8. What was the Kaptai Dam project and when was it built?

Answer: The Kaptai Dam was built in 1957 with funding from USAID and constructed by the Pakistani government. It was built on the Karnaphuli River in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.


9. How did the Kaptai Dam affect indigenous communities?

Answer: The Kaptai Dam displaced thousands of indigenous people by submerging their homes and farmlands. It destroyed their livelihoods and disrupted their cultural connection to the land.


10. How does historical displacement still affect indigenous communities in Bangladesh?

Answer: Historical displacement and ongoing marginalization continue to affect indigenous communities by limiting their access to land, education, cultural preservation, and economic opportunities.

03. Fill in the blanks.

Passage–1

Bangladesh is home to more than (a) ______ indigenous groups. Most of them live in the northern and southeastern (b) ______, while others live in the (c) ______ Hill Tracts. They have distinct lifestyles, economic practices and (d) ______ systems. These groups speak many different (e) ______.


Passage–2

Indigenous languages add to the cultural (a) ______ of Bangladesh. However, many of these languages are (b) ______ because of the dominance of (c) ______ and modern social pressure. This process of language loss is known as (d) ______ death. The (e) ______ warns that many indigenous languages are disappearing.


Passage–3

During the British colonial (a) ______, indigenous communities played a vital role in resisting (b) ______. Leaders like Sidhu and Kanu led important (c) ______ such as the Santhal Rebellion. These movements were part of the anti-colonial (d) ______. Their contribution is an important part of national (e) ______.


Passage–4

Today, indigenous people face many challenges in preserving their language and (a) ______. The government has taken steps to include indigenous languages in (b) ______ education. However, a lack of trained (c) ______ and educational (d) ______ creates serious hurdles. These problems affect higher (e) ______ as well.


Passage–5

The Kaptai Dam was built in (a) ______ on the Karnaphuli River. It was funded by (b) ______ and constructed by the Pakistani government. The dam displaced thousands of indigenous people by submerging their (c) ______ and farmlands. This displacement damaged their (d) ______ and cultural connection to the (e) ______.

Answer key (in a row with passage/question number):

  1. (a) 54, (b) flatlands, (c) Chittagong, (d) belief, (e) languages

  2. (a) richness, (b) endangered, (c) Bangla, (d) language, (e) UN

  3. (a) rule, (b) oppression, (c) uprisings, (d) struggle, (e) history

  4. (a) culture, (b) preschool, (c) teachers, (d) resources, (e) education

  5. (a) 1957, (b) USAID, (c) homes, (d) livelihoods, (e) land