HSC Unit : 13 : Lesson: 1; What is Beauty?
Beauty is easy to appreciate but difficult to define. As we look around, we discover beauty in pleasurable objects and sights â in nature, in the laughter of children, in the kindness of strangers.
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĨ¤
But asked to define, we run into difficulties. Does beauty have an independent objective identity? Is it universal, or is it dependent on our sense perceptions? Does it lie in the eye of the beholder? -we ask ourselves.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨? āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§?â āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĨ¤
A further difficulty arises when beauty manifests itself not only by its presence, but by its absence as well, as when we are repulsed by ugliness and desire beauty. But then ugliness has as much a place in our lives as beauty, or may be more-as when there is widespread hunger and injustice in a society.
āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ; āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§â āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
Philosophers have told us that beauty is an important part of life, but isnât ugliness a part of life too? And if art has beauty as an important ingredient, can it confine itself only to a projection of beauty? Can art ignore what is not beautiful?
āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻāĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻļ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ? āĻāĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§? āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ˛āĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§?
Poets and artists have provided an answer by incorporating both into their work. In doing so, they have often tied beauty to truth and justice, so that what is not beautiful assumes a tolerable proportion as something that represents some truth about life.
āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻāĻŖ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ§ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
John Keats, the romantic poet, wrote in his celebrated âOde on a Grecian Urnâ âBeauty is truth, truth beauty,â by which he means that truth, even if itâs not pleasant, becomes beautiful at a higher level. Similarly, what is beautiful forever remains true. Another meaning, in the context of the Grecian Urn-an art object-is that truth is a condition of art.
âĄāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¤ âOde on a Grecian Urnâ- āĻ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ âBeauty is truth, truth is beautyâ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻ¯āĻž āĻļāĻžāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻ°ā§ The Grecian Urn-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻŖ-āĻ¯āĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
Poetry in every language celebrates beauty and truth. So does art. Here are two poems from two different times that present some enduring ideas about beauty and truth.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĨ¤
The poems are by Lord Byron (1788-1824), an English poet of the Romantic tradition, and Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), an American poet who wrote about the human scene, love and death.
āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻž âĄāĻ°āĻžā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ˛āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¨ (ā§§ā§ā§Žā§Ž-ā§§ā§Žā§¨ā§Ē) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ¨ (ā§§ā§Žā§Šā§Ļ-ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ŧ) āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
1.Appreciate 2.Strangers 3.Objective 4.Perception 5.Beholder 6.Manifests 7.Repulsed 8.Widespread |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
1./verb/ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻāĻ°āĻž;Â (3)Â āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĢ āĻāĻ°āĻž;Â (4)Â āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ 2. Â /noun/Â āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļā§; āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻ āĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻĒāĻ°; 3. /noun/Â āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ 4. /noun/ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻ°āĻŖ; āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨; āĻ ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻŦā§āĻ§; āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž; 5. /noun/Â āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ; 6. /verb/Â āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ7. āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨; āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž; 7. /adjective/Â āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤; 8. /adjective/Â āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ; āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤; āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ; āĻ¸ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
9. Ingredients 10. Projection 11. Incorporating 12. Assumes 13. Tolerable 14. Proportion 15. Enduring 16. Tradition |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
9. /noun/Â āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ 10. /noun/Â āĻāĻĻāĻāĻ¤ āĻ āĻāĻļ 11. /verb/Â āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; āĻĻā§āĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ¨; 12. /verb/Â āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; āĻĻāĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž; 13. /adjctive/Â āĻšāĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨ā§ā§; āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ 14. /verb/Â āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤, āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ 15. /adj/Â āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§; āĻā§āĻāĻ¸āĻ 16. /noun/Â āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻž |