Articles

Articles

A, an এবং the কে Article বলে।

Article দুই প্রকার।

1. Indefinite Article and
2. Definite Article.

Indefinite Article: A এবং an কে Indefinite Article বলে কারন তারা কোন অনির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী বা বস্তুকে বুঝায়। সচরাচর singular countable noun এর পূর্বে A অথবা an বসে।

Example– He has a pen.
– I bought a book.
– This is an elephant.
– He took an apple.

Definite Article: The কে definite Article বলে কারন ইহা কোন নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী বা বস্তুকে বুঝায়।

Example-I saw the bird.
– I read the book.
– Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

Use of A and An

1. সাধারণত consonant এর পূর্বে a এবং vowel (a, e, i, o, u) এর পূর্বে an বসে।
   যেমন – a hen, a book, a pen, an apple, an egg, an orange.
2. শব্দের শুরুতে যদি h থাকে এবং h এর উচ্চারণ h এর মত হলে তার পূর্বে a বসে। কিন্তু h এর উচ্চারণ o বা অন্য কোন উচ্চারণ হলে তার পূর্বে an বসে।
   যেমন– a horse, a historian, an honest man, an hour.
3. শব্দের শুরুতে যদি Vowel থাকে এবং তার উচ্চারণ যদি u এর মত হয় তাহলে তার পূর্বে a বসে।
   যেমন– a ewe, a European, a uniform, a university, a useful metal.
4. O দিয়ে গঠিত শব্দের পূর্বে an বসে। শুধুমাত্র one শব্দের পূর্বে a বসে।
   যেমন– an open field, an open heart surgery, an opera, an orange, a one taka note, a one eyed man.
5. সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ অর্থাৎ abbreviation এর প্রথম অক্ষর vowel এর মত উচ্চারিত হলে তার পূর্বে an বসে। কিন্তু abbreviation এর প্রথম অক্ষর consonant এর মত উচ্চারিত হলে তার পূর্বে a বসে।
   যেমন– an M.B.B.S, an F.C.P.S, an M.A, a B.A, a B.SC.

Other uses of A and An

1. এক জাতীয় সকল singular common noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
   যেমন– A tiger is a dangerous animal; An ant is an industrious insect.
2. একজন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বুঝালে তার পূর্বে a/an বসে।
   যেমন– He bought an orange, He lives in a tiny room.
3. সমজাতীয় কিছু(the same, the certain) ইত্যাদি অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে singular common noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
   যেমন
   – Birds of a feather flock together.
   – Criminals are of a (the same) character.
   – There lived a farmer.
4. Preposition অর্থে কখনো কখনো a ব্যবহৃত হয়। এরূপ a কে disguised preposition বলে।
   যেমন– He went a (on) fishing, She went a (on) shopping.
5. Few, little, good many, lot of, great many, good deal, ইত্যাদি plural noun এর পূর্বে a /an বসে। মাঝে মাঝে many এর পরে a /an বসে।
   Example
   – I have a few friends here.
   – The library has a lot of books.
   – The rich man has a good deal with money
   – Many a man was present in the meeting.
6. সংখ্যাবাচক শব্দ- dozen, hundred, thousand, million, couple, score, ইত্যাদির পূর্বে a বসে।
7. Exclamation অর্থাৎ what, how, why, ইত্যাদির পরে a বসে।
   – What a beautiful lady!
   – How nice a bird!
8. Singular common noun – quite, many, rather, but, more এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
   – He is rather a gentleman.
   – You are but a child.
9. Mr./Mrs./Miss এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
   – A Mr. Ashik called in his house.
   – A Mrs. Habiba sought his help.

 

Omission of a/an:

1. খাবারের (meals) পূর্বে a/an বসে না। তবে খাবারের (meals) পূর্বে adjective বসলে a/an বসে.

Incorrect- We have a dinner at 8.00 pm.
Correct- We have dinner at 8.00 pm.

Incorrect- We had good breakfast yesterday.
Correct- We had a good breakfast yesterday.

2. Plural noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে না।
   – Birds are beautiful.
   – Cows are useful.
3. Uncountable noun হিসেবে গণ্য যেমন – advice, information, news, baggage, water, milk, oil, tea, paper, ইত্যাদি এর পূর্বে a/an বসে না।
   – He gave me some information.
   – We take tea.
   – He drinks water.

তবে পরিমাপ করা যায় এমন কিছু measure words থাকলে তার পূর্বে a/an বসে।
যেমন – Give me a glass of water.

Use of definite article:

1. নির্দিষ্ট করে বুঝায় এমন common noun এর singular ও plural উভয় number এর পূর্বে the বসে।
   – The boy is reading.
   – The girl is singing.
2. এক জাতীয় সকলকে বুঝাতে singular common noun এর পূর্বে the বসে।
   – The cow gives us milk.
   – The rose is beautiful flower.
3. মানবজাতি man and women এর পূর্বে the বসে না।
   Incorrect – The man is mortal.
   Correct – Man is mortal.
4. নদী, সাগর, উপসাগর, পর্বতশ্রেণী, দীপপুঞ্জ, জাহাজ ইত্যাদি নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
   যেমন – The Andamans, The Himalayas, The Titanic.
5. ধর্মগ্রন্থ ও পত্রিকার নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
   যেমন – The holy Quran, The Daily sun.
6. একক বস্তু – পৃথিবী, চন্দ্র, সূর্য, পূর্ব, পশ্চিম, উত্তর, দক্ষিন ইত্যাদি নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
   The sun, The earth, The moon.
7. বর্ণনামূলক বা অর্থপূর্ণ নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
   – The U.S.A, the panjab.
8. তারিখের নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
   যেমন – The 10th March.
9. জাতি ও সম্প্রদায়ের নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
   যেমন – The rich, The poor, The Muslims.
10. Superlative degree তে adjective এর পূর্বে the বসে।
    যেমন – He is the best boy in the class.
11. Material noun এর পূর্বে the বসে না। তবে নির্দিষ্ট স্থানের বা প্রকারের বুঝালে the বসে।
    যেমন – The Diamond of Africa is famous.
12. Proper noun এর পূর্বে adjective থাকলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।
    যেমন – The great Akbar was a mighty ruler.
13. বংশ বা পরিবারের পরিচয়জ্ঞাপক নাম plural হলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।
    যেমন – The khans, The Pathans.
14. সংখ্যা প্রকাশক word যদি unit অর্থে বসে তাহলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।
    যেমন – Eggs are sold by the dozens.
15. Musical instrument এর পূর্বে the বসে।
    যেমন – I can’t play the Guitar. The cowboy can play the flute well.
16. কোন কোন যন্ত্র এবং আবিস্কারের পূর্বে the বসে।
    যেমন – Markoni invented the radio. The bicycles is an easy means of transport.
17. Singular designation এর পূর্বে the বসে।
    যেমন – The president, The Prime Minister, The headmaster.

Omission of definite article:

1. বিখ্যাত গ্রন্থের লেখকের নাম গ্রন্থের পূর্বে থাকলে the বসে না। কিন্তু লেখকের নাম পূর্বে না থাকলে the বসে।
   যেমন – The Gitanjoli of Robindranath.
2. রাস্তা, এভিনু, স্কয়ার, পার্কের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
   যেমন – He is going to park.
3. ভাষার নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
   যেমন – Bangla is our mother lsnguge. English is an international language.
4. কিন্তু ভাষার নামের পরে language শব্দ টা উল্লেখ থাকলে the বসে।
   যেমন – The English language is international.
5. হ্রদের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
   যেমন – Lake Superior, Lake Baikal, Lake Caspian.
6. দিন বা মাসের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
   যেমন – Friday is holyday.
7. রোগের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
   যেমন – Fever has broken out in the home.
8. Allah or God এর নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
   যেমন – Allah has created us.
9. শরীরের অঙ্গ-প্রতঙ্গ এবং পোশাক- পরিচ্ছেদ ইত্যাদির পূর্বে the বসে না।
   যেমন – Raise your right hand. Put off your shirt.
10. ভ্রমন সম্পর্কিত যানবাহন বা ভ্রমন পথের পূর্বে the বসে না।
    যেমন – by bus, by train, by launch.

Exercise for Practice:

1.(a) — angry man is not liked even by (b)–  idiot. There is a difference between (c)  –educated and (d)  –uneducated. An educated (e)  –man should come forward to educate (f) — uneducated man. On the other hand (g)  –rich man should have sympathy for (h) –poor man. Again there is a difference between (i) — rich and (j) –poor

 

2.Mobile phone is (a)  –great invention of modern science. As (b) — consumers of mobile phone are increasing day by day. (c)  –people are getting benefited. But it is unfortunate that mobile phone sometimes becomes (d)–  cause of hazard, especially (e)  –children are affected much. (f) — scientists believe that mobile phone causes brain tumors, genetic damage and many other (g) –incurable diseases. They believe that invisible and uncontrolled radioactivity of (h) — mobile phone causes irreparable damage to (i) –human body. They say that (j)–  government should control radioactive sources.

 

3.The process of globalization obviously requires (a)  –common language for international (b)  –communication. For many different reasons, English has achieved (c)  –prestige of being that (d)– language because it is (e)  –international language. It is no longer (f) –unique possession of British or American or other native-speakers but (g)  –language that belongs to (h)  –world’s people. This phenomenon has led to (i)  –bewildering variety of (j)  –English around the world.

 

4.Newspaper plays (a) — important role in our society. It is (b)  –most useful thing in our modern life. We cannot think of (c)  –day without it. To read newspaper is (d)  –good habit. (e)  –more we read newspaper. (f) — more we can acquire knowledge. If we don’t read it, we shall be (g) — frogs in (h) — dark well. It is (i)  –looking glass of (j) — modern world.

 

5.Every student wants to do better in (a) — examination. But it is not (b)  –easy work. (c)  –student has to do something for this. From (d)  –very beginning he must be serious. He should read (e)  –texts again and again. He must not memorize (f)  –answer without knowing the meaning. He must not make notes from (g)  –common source. He should have a good (h) — command over English. By doing all these things (i) — student can hope to make a good (j) –result.

 

6.Unfair means in the examination is (a) — offence. It degrades (b)  –standard of education. If the students of (c)  –country do not acquire true (d) –education, there will be no development for (e)  –country. (f)  –examinee should read seriously so that he can cut (g)  –good figure in the examination. To acquire true education should be the only aim in life of all (h)  –students. (i)  –educated man cannot support (j)  –unfair means in the examination at all.

Answers

1. (a) an (b) an/the (c) the (d) the (e) × (f) the (g) a (h) a (i) the (j) the
2. (a) a (b) the (c) × (d) the (e) the (f) × (g) × (h) the (i) the (j) the
3. (a) a (b) × (c) the (d) × (e) an (f) the (g) a (h) the (i) a (j) ×
4. (a) an (b) the (c) a (d) a (e) the (f) the (g) × (h) the (i) the (j) the
5. (a) the (b) an (c) a (d) the (e) the (f) the (g) a (h) × (I)  a (j) ×
6. (a) an (b) the (c) a (d) × (e) the (f) an (g) a (h) the (i) an (j)

1. (a) — angry man is not liked even by (b)–  idiot. There is a difference between (c)  –educated and (d)  –uneducated. An educated (e)  –man should come forward to educate (f) — uneducated man. On the other hand (g)  –rich man should have sympathy for (h) –poor man. Again there is a difference between (i) — rich and (j) –poor
2. Mobile phone is (a)  –great invention of modern science. As (b) — consumers of mobile phone are increasing day by day. (c)  –people are getting benefited. But it is unfortunate that mobile phone sometimes becomes (d)–  cause of hazard, especially (e)  –children are affected much. (f) — scientists believe that mobile phone causes brain tumors, genetic damage and many other (g) –incurable diseases. They believe that invisible and uncontrolled radioactivity of (h) — mobile phone causes irreparable damage to (i) –human body. They say that (j)–  government should control radioactive sources.
3. The process of globalization obviously requires (a)  –common language for international (b)  –communication. For many different reasons, English has achieved (c)  –prestige of being that (d)– language because it is (e)  –international language. It is no longer (f) –unique possession of British or American or other native-speakers but (g)  –language that belongs to (h)  –world’s people. This phenomenon has led to (i)  –bewildering variety of (j)  –English around the world.
4. Newspaper plays (a) — important role in our society. It is (b)  –most useful thing in our modern life. We cannot think of (c)  –day without it. To read newspaper is (d)  –good habit. (e)  –more we read newspaper. (f) — more we can acquire knowledge. If we don’t read it, we shall be (g) — frogs in (h) — dark well. It is (i)  –looking glass of (j) — modern world.
5. Every student wants to do better in (a) — examination. But it is not (b)  –easy work. (c)  –student has to do something for this. From (d)  –very beginning he must be serious. He should read (e)  –texts again and again. He must not memorize (f)  –answer without knowing the meaning. He must not make notes from (g)  –common source. He should have a good (h) — command over English. By doing all these things (i) — student can hope to make a good (j) –result.
6. Unfair means in the examination is (a) — offence. It degrades (b)  –standard of education. If the students of (c)  –country do not acquire true (d) –education, there will be no development for (e)  –country. (f)  –examinee should read seriously so that he can cut (g)  –good figure in the examination. To acquire true education should be the only aim in life of all (h)  –students. (i)  –educated man cannot support (j)  –unfair means in the examination at all.

 

Answers

1. (a) an (b) an/the (c) the (d) the (e) × (f) the (g) a (h) a (i) the (j) the
2. (a) a (b) the (c) × (d) the (e) the (f) × (g) × (h) the (i) the (j) the
3. (a) a (b) × (c) the (d) × (e) an (f) the (g) a (h) the (i) a (j) ×
4. (a) an (b) the (c) a (d) a (e) the (f) the (g) × (h) the (i) the (j) the
5. (a) the (b) an (c) a (d) the (e) the (f) the (g) a (h) × (I)  a (j) ×
6. (a) an (b) the (c) a (d) × (e) the (f) an (g) a (h) the (i) an (j)

Fill in the blanks with the following texts with articles (a/an/the) as necessary. Some of the blanks may not require an article. Put a cross (×) in those blanks.                                                                                

1. Once there lived (a) — poor cobbler. He had (b) — rich neighbour. (c) — neighbour was blessed with (d) — ill health. So he was (e) — angry man. He was always (f) — unhappy man. Once he used to think that (g) — richest man was (h) — happiest man in (i) — world. But his (j) — idea was not correct.
2. Today women are playing (a) — important role in all spheres of (b) — life. They are no longer confined within (c) — four walls of the kitchens. They have come out of their cocoons and are working hand in hand with (d) — men. They are joining (e) — wide range of professions and making a great (f) — contribution to the economy. Now, it has come to (g) — realization of all that it is not possible to develop the country keeping women, (h) — large section of (i) — population, in (j) — dark.
3. Karim is an English (a) — teacher. He is (b) — M.A. in English. He serves in (c) — ideal institution. He tries to lead (d) — honest life. He is (e) — most favourite teacher to the students. He speaks English like (f) — English. To speak (g) — truth he is friendly to (h) — students. He tries heart and soul to help (i) — students in every possible way. We want (j) — teacher like him.
4. ‘Communicative competence’ means the ability to use (a) — language in (b) — appropriate manner in different situations. There are two ways of developing communicative competence in (c) — language. (d) — first is acquisition which is similar to (e) — way people develop their ability in their mother tongue. It’s a natural subconscious process in which people are not usually aware of acquiring (f) — language. They are only aware of (g) — communication. So, acquisition is picking up (h) — language in (i) — instinctive way. It may be called (j) — implicit method of learning.
5. Literacy as (a) — skill was first institutionalized in Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt and China soon after (b) — art of writing was invented. Education then was not for (c) — general people but (d) — privilege for (e) — chosen (f) — few who took on strategic roles in (g) — running of (h) — state and in religion. In Greece, education became more widespread in about the 5th century BC. (i) — Greeks, however, sent only their (j) — male children to school.
6. (a) — idle man and (b) — active man cannot be equal. We know (c) — story of (d) — ant (e) — grasshopper. (f) — ant was industrious. On the other hand the grasshopper was really (g) — lazy. The ant knows that (h) — industrious shine. On (i) — contrary (j) — lazy suffer in life.

 

      Answers

1. (a) a;  (b) a;   (c) the; (d) ×;   (e)  an;  (f) an;  (g) the;   (h) the;  (i) the;  (j) ×
2. (a) an;  (b) ×;   (c) the; (d) ×;   (e)  a;  (f) ×;  (g) the;   (h) a;  (i) the;  (j) the
3. (a) ×;  (b) an;   (c) an; (d) an;   (e)  the;  (f) the;  (g) the;   (h) the;  (i) the;  (j) a
4. (a) ×;  (b) an;   (c) a; (d) the;   (e)  the;  (f) a;  (g) ×;   (h) a;  (i) an (j) the
5. (a) a;  (b) the;   (c) the; (d) a;   (e)  the;  (f) ×;  (g) the;   (h) the;  (i) the;  (j) ×
6. (a) an;  (b) an;   (c) the; (d) an/the;   (e)  a/the;  (f) the;  (g) ×;   (h) the;  (i) the;  (j) the