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HSC Unit : 13 Lesson: 3: Art and Music; Crafts in Our Time

A craftwork is an applied form of art, a social and cultural product reflecting the inclusive nature of folk imagination. A craftwork, which usually doesn’t bear the signature of its maker, retains a personal touch.

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĻž āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ›ā§‡āĻžāĻā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻœāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤

When we look at a thirty-year-old Nakshikantha we wonder at its motifs and designs that point to the artistic ingenuity and the presence of the maker in it. The fact that we don’t know her name or any other details about her doesn’t take anything away from our appreciation of the artist.

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻļā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ“āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻļāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§ˆāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻĻā§‚āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤

Indeed, the intimate nature of the kantha and the tactile feeling it generates animate the work and make it very inviting.

āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤

A craftwork is shaped by the interaction of individual creativity and community aesthetics, utility functions and human values. It is distinguished by its maker’s desire to locate himself or herself in the wider and ever-changing cultural aspirations of the community, and subsequently of the market.

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻœāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨāĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ•āĻ™ā§āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

But even when the market is an important factor, community aesthetics remains the factor determining the form and content of the craftwork. The exquisite terracotta dolls from Dinajpur dating back to early 1940s that form a part of the Bangladesh National Museum’s Collection were mostly bought from village fairs by some patron.

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ā§€ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§Ļ-āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻœāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻĒā§‹ā§œāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ˜āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļāĻ‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ–āĻĻā§āĻĻā§‡āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

They were no doubt meant to be consumer items, but the dolls reflect community aesthetics in such a manner that the market has not been able to impose its own preferences on them.

āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻšā§‡ āĻ“āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻ‡, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋ āĻ“āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĒāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšā§ŸāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤

A craftwork thus is a dynamic object always evolving, and always abreast of changing tastes and preferences. It also represents a way of life and a cultural flavor. Therefore changes in lifestyle and material conditions are expected to have their impact on craftworks and their production.

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡āĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

But certain forms, shapes, styles and aesthetic preferences change little over time, suggesting that a craftwork can function as a stable signifier of community values and desires over time. Mechanical and mass production take away this feeling of assurance and stability and the sense of continuity that the handmade craftwork evokes.

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ—āĻ āĻ¨, āĻ†āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻļā§ˆāĻ˛ā§€ āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻĻāĻ˛āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšā§ŸāĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ—ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤

In the clash between expectations of pure, handmade craftworks and the market need of mechanically produced craftworks, two contesting views emerge: on the one hand, traditionalists contend that the society needs to preserve the authenticity and naturalness of craftworks and their association with domesticity and environment; and on the other, promoters of machine production argue that the machine has helped restore the appeal of the crafts due to their cheaper production costs.

āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§, āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§‡, āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡: āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§ƒāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ°āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŖā§€ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻŖ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ“āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ–āĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ¨:āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

There are no easy solutions to the problems that craftworks face in our time. Crafts that are disappearing can and should be revived, even where the machine has made the prospect difficult. And crafts that are still practiced can be safeguarded and made to consolidate their position further.

āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€āĻ¨ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻœā§āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ā§€ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻšāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

This can be done by providing grants, loans, assistance and other support to the producers, and helping them find a comfortable customer base. But more importantly, craftwork can be branded and successfully marketed throughout the country and beyond as there are always buyers and users of handmade products who feel a strong attraction towards such cultural products.

āĻāĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻœā§āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻ–ā§āĻāĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ—āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ°āĻœāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¤āĻž āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§€āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

1.Applied

2.Inclusive

3.Signature

4.Retain

5.Motifs

6.Artistic

7.Ingenuity

8.Appreciation

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

1./adjective/ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•

2./adjective/ āĻ¸āĻŽā§‡āĻ¤; āĻ¸āĻš; āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ•

3./noun/ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ¸āĻ‡; āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¤

4./verb/ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž, āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž

5./noun/ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ¤

6./adjective/ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ˛āĻ­

7./noun/ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛

8. /noun/ āĻ—ā§āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĻ¨

 

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

9. Intimate

10. Tactile

11. Animate

12. Inviting

13. Aesthetic

14. Utility

15. Distinguished

16. Aspiration

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

9.  /verb/ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ™ā§āĻ—, āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ 

10.  /adjective/ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯; āĻ˜āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°; āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻžāĻ§āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻ¯;

11.  /verb/ āĻ¸āĻœā§€āĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

12.  /adjective/ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ•, āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­āĻœāĻ¨āĻ•,āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ­āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻŋ

13./Adjective/ āĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨; āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨;

14. /noun/ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž; āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž; āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻŦāĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§

15. adjective/ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸ, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤

16.  /noun/ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

17. Subsequently

18. Exquisite

19. Preference

20. Dynamic

21. Evolve

22. Abreast

23. Assurance

24. stability

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

17.  /adjective/ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€; āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ¨

18. adjective/ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ ; āĻšāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāĻ° ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§€

19. /noun/ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤; āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨, āĻŦāĻžāĻžā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§€ā§ŸāĻ¤āĻž; āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ

20. /noun/ āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻžā§āĻœāĻžāĻ¨-āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤

21. /verb/ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž; āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

22. /adv/ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ ; āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻ§ā§‡-āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻ§ā§‡ ; āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž

23.  /noun/ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ

24.  /noun/ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

25. Authenticity

26. Naturalness

27. Revived

28. Safeguard

29. Consolidate

30. Crafts

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

25.  /noun/ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ¯; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž; āĻ…āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§‡āĻœāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ;

26.  /noun/ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž;

27. /verb/ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻœā§ā§€āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻšā§‡āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

28. /verb/ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž (āĻ•āĻ°āĻž)

29. /verb/ āĻĻā§ƒāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž;

30. /noun/ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ;