HSC Unit : 13 Lesson: 3: Art and Music; Crafts in Our Time
A craftwork is an applied form of art, a social and cultural product reflecting the inclusive nature of folk imagination. A craftwork, which usually doesnât bear the signature of its maker, retains a personal touch.
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
When we look at a thirty-year-old Nakshikantha we wonder at its motifs and designs that point to the artistic ingenuity and the presence of the maker in it. The fact that we donât know her name or any other details about her doesnât take anything away from our appreciation of the artist.
āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻāĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨āĻāĻļāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Indeed, the intimate nature of the kantha and the tactile feeling it generates animate the work and make it very inviting.
āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
A craftwork is shaped by the interaction of individual creativity and community aesthetics, utility functions and human values. It is distinguished by its makerâs desire to locate himself or herself in the wider and ever-changing cultural aspirations of the community, and subsequently of the market.
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
But even when the market is an important factor, community aesthetics remains the factor determining the form and content of the craftwork. The exquisite terracotta dolls from Dinajpur dating back to early 1940s that form a part of the Bangladesh National Museumâs Collection were mostly bought from village fairs by some patron.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§Ļ-āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻĒā§ā§āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻā§ā§ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻļāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
They were no doubt meant to be consumer items, but the dolls reflect community aesthetics in such a manner that the market has not been able to impose its own preferences on them.
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻ, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
A craftwork thus is a dynamic object always evolving, and always abreast of changing tastes and preferences. It also represents a way of life and a cultural flavor. Therefore changes in lifestyle and material conditions are expected to have their impact on craftworks and their production.
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ°ā§ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
But certain forms, shapes, styles and aesthetic preferences change little over time, suggesting that a craftwork can function as a stable signifier of community values and desires over time. Mechanical and mass production take away this feeling of assurance and stability and the sense of continuity that the handmade craftwork evokes.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¨, āĻāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻĻāĻ˛āĻžā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
In the clash between expectations of pure, handmade craftworks and the market need of mechanically produced craftworks, two contesting views emerge: on the one hand, traditionalists contend that the society needs to preserve the authenticity and naturalness of craftworks and their association with domesticity and environment; and on the other, promoters of machine production argue that the machine has helped restore the appeal of the crafts due to their cheaper production costs.
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§, āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻļāĻž āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇā§, āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§: āĻāĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻĻā§ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŖ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻŽ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ¨:āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
There are no easy solutions to the problems that craftworks face in our time. Crafts that are disappearing can and should be revived, even where the machine has made the prospect difficult. And crafts that are still practiced can be safeguarded and made to consolidate their position further.
āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
This can be done by providing grants, loans, assistance and other support to the producers, and helping them find a comfortable customer base. But more importantly, craftwork can be branded and successfully marketed throughout the country and beyond as there are always buyers and users of handmade products who feel a strong attraction towards such cultural products.
āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻžā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛ā§, āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻšā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
1.Applied 2.Inclusive 3.Signature 4.Retain 5.Motifs 6.Artistic 7.Ingenuity 8.Appreciation |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
1./adjective/ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ 2./adjective/ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ¤; āĻ¸āĻš; āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ 3./noun/ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ¸āĻ; āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ¤ 4./verb/ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž, āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž 5./noun/ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻ¤ 6./adjective/ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻ 7./noun/ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛ 8. /noun/ āĻā§āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¨ |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
9. Intimate 10. Tactile 11. Animate 12. Inviting 13. Aesthetic 14. Utility 15. Distinguished 16. Aspiration |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
9. Â /verb/Â āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻā§āĻ, āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ 10. Â /adjective/Â āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻļā§āĻ¯; āĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ°; āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻžāĻ§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯; 11. Â /verb/Â āĻ¸āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻž 12. Â /adjective/Â āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ, āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ,āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŋ 13./Adjective/ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨; āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨; 14. /noun/Â āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž; āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž; āĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ 15. adjective/Â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ 16. Â /noun/Â āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
17. Subsequently 18. Exquisite 19. Preference 20. Dynamic 21. Evolve 22. Abreast 23. Assurance 24. stability |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
17. Â /adjective/Â āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§; āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ 18. adjective/Â āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ ; āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ° ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§ 19. /noun/Â āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤; āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§āĻ¤āĻž; āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ 20. /noun/Â āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ 21. /verb/Â āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž; āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž 22. /adv/Â āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ ; āĻāĻžāĻāĻ§ā§-āĻāĻžāĻāĻ§ā§ ; āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋā§āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž 23. Â /noun/Â āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻ°āĻŖ 24. Â /noun/Â āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
25. Authenticity 26. Naturalness 27. Revived 28. Safeguard 29. Consolidate 30. Crafts |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
25. Â /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ¯; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž; āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; 26. Â /noun/Â āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž; 27. /verb/Â āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻā§ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž 28. /verb/Â āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž (āĻāĻ°āĻž) 29. /verb/Â āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž; 30. /noun/Â āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ; |