HSC Unit : 4; Lesson 2; Traffic Capital of the World
I am in a tiny steel cage attached to a motorcycle, stuttering through traffic in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°Â āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšā§āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
In the last ten minutes, we have moved forward maybe three feet, inch by inch, the driver wrenching the wheel left and right, wriggling deeper into the wedge between delivery truck and a rickshaw in front of us.
āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻāĻļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻžāĻā§āĻā§,āĻŽāĻžā§āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻĄā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻžāĻ° Â āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĨ¤
Up ahead, the traffic is jammed so close together that pedestrians are climbing over pickup trucks and through empty rickshaws to cross the street.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§, āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻĨāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻĒ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĨ¤
Two rows to my left is an ambulance, blue light spinning uselessly. This is what the streets here look like from seven oâclock in the morning until ten oâclock at night.
āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸, āĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻšā§āĻĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻļāĻāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻ§āĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
If youâre rich, you experience it from the back seat of a car. If youâre poor, youâre in a rickshaw, breathing in the exhaust.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Iâm sitting in the back of a CNG, a three-wheeled motorcycle shaped like a slice of pie and covered with scrap metal.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒ āĻ§āĻžāĻ¤āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦā§āĻ¤āĨ¤
Iâm here working on a human rights project, but whenever I ask people in Dhaka what they think international organizations should really be working on, they tell me about the traffic.
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻāĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
Alleviating traffic congestion is one of the major development challenges of our time. Half the worlds population already lives in cities, and the United Nations (UN) estimates that the proportion will rise to nearly 70 percent by 2050. Dhaka, the worldâs densest and fastest growing city, is a case study in how this problem got so bad and why itâs so difficult to solve.
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻļāĻšāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ° (āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨) āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻāĻŋ ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ģā§Ļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 70% āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
Dhakaâs infrastructure doesnât match the scale of its population. Just 7 percent of the city is covered by roads, compared with around 25 percent of Paris and Vienna.
āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ ā§¨ā§Ģ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻšāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° ā§ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻļ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
Dhaka also suffers from the absence of a planned road network. There are 650 major intersections, but only 60 traffic lights, many of which donât work.
āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĄāĻŧāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ ā§Ŧā§Ģā§Ļ āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āĻĻ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ ā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
That means the police force isnât enforcing driving or parking rules; theyâre in the intersections, directing traffic.
āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
The cost of Dhakaâs traffic congestion is estimated at $3.8 billion a year, and thatâs just the delays and air pollution, not the less-tangible losses in quality of life.
āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻ° ā§Š.ā§Ž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ, āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻŽ-āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ l
Paradoxically, the poor infrastructure is one of the reasons why the city is growing so fast.
āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§, āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§ āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĨ¤
Without roads or trains to whisk them to the suburbs, Dhaka residents have no choice but to crowd into the middle, set up slums between high-rises, and walk to work.
āĻāĻĒ āĻļāĻšāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻž, āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ§āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻšā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤
Then there are the users of the roads. Besides pedestrians, the narrow lanes are shared by bicycles, rickshaws, scooters, motorcycles, CNGs, buses, and Cars.
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻĨāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ, āĻ¸āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ˛, āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻŽā§āĻāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ˛, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
All these modes take up a different amount of space and have different top speeds. Most people you talk to in Bangladesh blame the traffic jams on the rickshaws.
āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻž āĻĻāĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§ āĻĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĨ¤
There are too many of them, they say, and they drive so slowly that they trap the cars, buses and CNGs behind them.
āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§âĄāĻ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻĻā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
The government is under pressure to designate some lanes as car-only, to build wider roads and overpasses, to take the slow traffic out from in front of the fast.
āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ°, āĻĻā§āĻ°ÃĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
And this brings us to the third reason why the traffic problem is so difficult to solve. All of these fixes sound easy and obvious, but they come at a cost.
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
One and a half million people drive rickshaws for a living, plus another few hundred thousand own and repair them.
āĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻÂ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Government efforts to get people out of rickshaws and into buses and trains are going to attract huge opposition.
āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻāĨ¤
Even increasing bus capacity is more complicated than it sounds. A 2009 World Bank analysis found 60 separate bus companies in Dhaka.
āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛|ā§¨ā§Ļā§Ļā§¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžā§ 60 āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Since the bus companies compete with one another, the drivers have every incentive to drive aggressively and take more passengers than the buses can hold.
āĻ¯ā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻš āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Whatâs more, the public transport isnât all that public. Many of the bus companies are owned or linked to political parties or powerful trade unions.
āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻā§, āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Government efforts to unify or regularize the system would amount to a hostile takeover of all of these small companies.
āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖÂ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
The obvious solution is to separate the rickshaws from the cars, from the CNGs, give each of them lanes and lights according to their top speed, and crucially, make car drivers pay the cost of taking up more space on the roads.
āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
But that, politically speaking, is unrealistic. Car owners are a small part of the population, but they are the most influential. Every year, Dhaka adds an extra 37,000 cars to its already overcrowded roads
āĻ¤āĻŦā§, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻ°, āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ ā§Šā§,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Think about all this from a Bangladeshi politicianâs point of view. Any attempt to solve the traffic mess means annoying the poor, the middle class, and the rich all at once.
āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°, āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
Thanks to the donors, In 2012, the government announced a $2.75 billion plan to build a metro rail system and a $45 million bus rapid-transit line from the airport. For residents of Dhaka, it will come as a relief.
āĻĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ ā§Ēā§Ģ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§¨.7575 āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦā§āĨ¤
Whenever I asked my Bangladesh colleagues how long it would take to get somewhere, they always gave two answers: âWithout traffic, maybe fifteen minutes. But with traffic? Who knows?â
āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛: “āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§? āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§?”
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
1.Stuttering 2.Wrenching 3.Wriggling 4.Wedge 5.Spinning 6.Exhaust 7.Scrap 8.Alleviating |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
1. /|A / āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻž; āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽāĻŋ, âĄnuvPU, 2./verb/ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; 3./verb/ āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻŽā§āĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; 4./verb/ āĻā§āĻāĻ, āĻā§āĻāĻāĻž, āĻā§āĻ˛āĻ 5./noun/ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻž; āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ; 6./verb/ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻž, āĻļā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž, āĻ§ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨ 7./verb/ āĻā§āĻāĻ°ā§; āĻāĻžāĻāĻ; āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž 8./adjective/ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĒāĻ; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
9. Proportion 10. Infrastructure 11. Enforcing 12. Congestion 13. Estimated 14. Tangible 15. Paradoxically 16. Suburbs |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
9. verb/ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤, āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ 10. /noun/ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§; āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§; 11. /verb/ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨; 12.  /noun/ āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž, āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋ-āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ā§â 13.  /verb/ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž 14.  /noun/ āĻ§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻā§āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ 15.  /adjective/ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤; āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ; 16. /noun/ āĻļāĻšāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ˛ā§; āĻāĻ¸āĻŦāĻž; āĻļāĻšāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻŋ; āĻāĻĒāĻĒā§āĻ°; āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻāĻ°; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Voacbulary
17. Designate 18. Obvious 19. Complicated 20. Regularized 21. Hostile 22. Crucially 23. Unrealistic 24. Influential |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
17. /verb/ āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžBāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž 18. /adj/ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ, āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ 19. /adjective/ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛; āĻā§āĻ; āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛; āĻāĻāĻŽāĻ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻŽ; 20.  /verb/ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; 21. /adj/ āĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻž-āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ 22./ adj/ āĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤; āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ 23. /adj/ Aev¯Ãe, 24. /adj/ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§, āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ |