HSC Unit: Two; Lesson: 1; Some of the Greatest Scientific Achievements of the Last 50 Years
We human beings tend to forget how far we have come as a species in a relatively short period of time. It was only in the 1870 s when we had the first house that was lighted with electricity.
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Cars just started to become available 100 years ago. Charles Lindbergh made the first trans-Atlantic flight in 1927. Televisions didnât become widely available until after World War II.
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In other words, the advances humankind has made in a relatively short period of time have been nothing short of extraordinary. Perhaps just as extraordinary is how we tend to simply adapt to these incredible changes, not realizing how completely our world has been altered in a short span of time.
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With that in mind, it is worth looking back at some of the amazing scientific advances we have made in the last few decades.
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The Artificial Heart:
There is nothing that piques the interest of a human being quite as much as the prospect of living a longer life.
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Implanting a person with an artificial heart in 1982 was an extraordinary step towards increasing the human lifespan. A Seattle based dentist, Dr. Barney Clark, was the first person implanted with the Jarvik-7, an artificial heart intended to last a lifetime.
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The Jarvik-7 artificial heart was designed by Robert Jarvik. Though the patient survived 112 days, it was a huge step towards the development of heart transplant surgery.
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One day, more advanced versions of artificial organs will likely allow us to live much longer and more productive lives. When we get there, we will owe a lot to Robert Jarvikâs  artificial heart.
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Cell phones: Phones have been around since the late 1800 s, but cell phones made their appearance only in the 1990 s.
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Anything that is useful and spreads so fast has to be considered one of the greatest inventions of all time. Just two decades ago, in Bangladesh, even land lines were difficult to obtain, let alone mobile phones.
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Today people from a l l social strata use cell phones, from street vendors to business executives in luxury cars, and from villagers to urbanites. Since May 2015, Bangladesh joined its South Asian neighbours India (862 million) and Pakistan (122 million) on the list of countries with 100 million or more mobile phone users.
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The other countries on the list are China (one billion users), Russia, Brazil, the United States, Indonesia, Japan, Germany, the Philippines and Nigeria.
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The Personal Computer: Today, we take for granted that we have one machine that allows us to access the Internet, do word processing, use a calculator, watch TV, play games and do a host of other things.
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But the personal computer only became available to consumers in 1974. Things really took off when Microsoft Windows was introduced in 1985 and itâs good that it was since without the prevalence of personal computers, the Internet wouldnât have had nearly as big an impact as it has ever since.
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The First Communications Satellite: People on Earth may take for granted todayâs high-tech world of cell phones, GPS and the satellites high above the planet that make instant communication possible. But it all began 50 years ago with one giant space balloon.
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10 July 1962 marked the birth of satellite communications. On this day the Telstar satellite commenced its journey into space and became the first ever active communications satellite. It carried the first live trans-Atlantic TV broadcasts.
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Telstar was built by a team at Bell Telephone Laboratories in USA and incorporated many innovations such as the transistor and the 3,600 solar panels that powered the satellite. Telstar produced 14 watts and relayed its first and non-public television pictures on 11 July 1962.
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The satellite could carry 600 voice calls and one black-and-white TV channel from an egg-shaped orbit. Today, we use satellites for GPS, TV, radio, weather tracking, military surveillance, space exploration and global communications, among other things.
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The Moon Landing: For thousands of years, human beings had looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. In 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the first person to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin.
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Their accomplishment gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration. In fact, it was a feat that was so fantastic that there are still conspiracy theorists who insist it could not be possible.
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Putting a man on the moon is perhaps manâs most inspiring accomplishment; it opened the door to future space travel and led to a number of spin-off inventions including flame resistant textiles used by firefighters, invisible braces, improved satellite dishes, and better medical imaging.
āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛, āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§, āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻĨāĻžāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¨-āĻ āĻĢ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
The Internet/World Wide Web: The ARPANET, The first Internet, was invented in 1969 and the public only had access to the World Wide Web starting in 1993.
āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ / āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŦ: āĻāĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ 1969 āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ 1993 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŦā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤
Today, just 22 years later, the web has revolutionized the dissemination of information, created a new multi-trillion dollar economic phenomenon, played a role in revolutions, and has interconnected much of the globe.
āĻāĻ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° 22 āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŦ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
The Microchip: A microchip is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (chip) of semiconductor material, normally silicon. Microchips are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.
āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒ:āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ (āĻāĻŋāĻĒ) āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋK āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
The forerunner to the microchip was invented back in 1959, but it didn’t really start to take off until the 1980 s.
āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
Since then, incredible advances in microchips have made it possible for them to be cheaply and efficiently used for calculators, personal computers, pet identification, automatic teller machines, satellites, pacemakers, cell phones, and microwave ovens among many other products..
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ°, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ°āĻš, āĻĒā§āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛ āĻĢā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
1. Relatively 2. Extraordinary 3. Amazing 4. Piques 5. Implanting 6. Artificial 7. Lifespan |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
1./adv/Â āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ 2./adj/Â āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ; āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ 3./adjective/Â āĻāĻļā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨āĻ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻ° 4. /noun/Â āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻˇ; āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ 5. /verb/Â āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻž 6. Â /adj/Â āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ 7./noun/Â āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻ; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
8. Survived 9. Versions 10. Appearance 11. Estimate 12. Prevalence 13. Tracking |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
8. /adjective/Â āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤; 9. /noun/Â āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ; āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŖ; āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž; 10. Â /noun/Â āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ 11. /verb/Â āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž 12. /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻāĻ¤āĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ 13. /noun/Â āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻ°āĻŖ; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
New Word
14. Surveillance 15. Accomplishment 16. Resistance 17. Invisible 18. Revolutions 19. Interconnected 20. Forerunner |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
14. /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤] 15. /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ 16. /noun/Â āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§; āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ 17. /noun/Â āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ 18. /noun/Â āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ; āĻāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨; āĻāĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨; 19. Â /|A /Â āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤; 20. Â /noun/Â āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ¤ |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
New Word
21. Exploration 22. Transplant 23. Brace 24. Spam 25. Urbanity 26. Satellite 27. Spin |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
21. /noun/Â āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ 22. /verb/Â āĻāĻ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž 23. /noun/Â āĻā§ā§āĻž 24. /noun/Â āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ ; āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ (āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°) 25. /noun/Â āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ; āĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž ; āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž; 26. /noun/Â āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ°āĻš 27. Â /verb/Â āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻž,āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§; āĻā§āĻ°āĻž |