HSCHSC Seen

HSC Unit: Two; Lesson: 1; Some of the Greatest Scientific Achievements of the Last 50 Years

We human beings tend to forget how far we have come as a species in a relatively short period of time. It was only in the 1870 s when we had the first house that was lighted with electricity.

āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻŸāĻž āĻāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ­ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ—āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ 1870 āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤

Cars just started to become available 100 years ago. Charles Lindbergh made the first trans-Atlantic flight in 1927. Televisions didn’t become widely available until after World War II.

100 āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ˛āĻ­ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ | āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻ¸ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ— ā§§ā§¯ā§¨7 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸-āĻ†āĻŸāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨| āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ˛āĻ­ā§āĻ¯ āĨ¤

In other words, the advances humankind has made in a relatively short period of time have been nothing short of extraordinary. Perhaps just as extraordinary is how we tend to simply adapt to these incredible changes, not realizing how completely our world has been altered in a short span of time.

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ•ā§€āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻ° āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ–āĻžāĻĒ āĻ–āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡Â  āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

With that in mind, it is worth looking back at some of the amazing scientific advances we have made in the last few decades.

āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡, āĻ†āĻļā§āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ• āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤

The Artificial Heart:

There is nothing that piques the interest of a human being quite as much as the prospect of living a longer life.

āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ āĻšā§ƒā§ŽāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄ:

āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦā§‡āĻāĻšā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŸāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ ā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻŸā§āĻ•ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻ‡ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤

Implanting a person with an artificial heart in 1982 was an extraordinary step towards increasing the human lifespan. A Seattle based dentist, Dr. Barney Clark, was the first person implanted with the Jarvik-7, an artificial heart intended to last a lifetime.

āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻŋā§‡ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ°ā§‡ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻ•āĻŋā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒā§‡ āĻ›āĻ˛āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻŋāĻŧāĻžāĻŸāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĄāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋ, āĻĄāĻžāĻƒ āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ•, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ­āĻ•āĻŋ-ā§­- āĻ¯āĻž āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§€ āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻļā§āĻ¯ā§‡ā§‡

The Jarvik-7 artificial heart was designed by Robert Jarvik. Though the patient survived 112 days, it was a huge step towards the development of heart transplant surgery.

āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•-7 āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ• āĻĄāĻŋāĻœāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ—ā§€ 112 āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦā§‡āĻāĻšā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ“ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻĒ āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ

One day, more advanced versions of artificial organs will likely allow us to live much longer and more productive lives. When we get there, we will owe a lot to Robert Jarvik’s  artificial heart.

āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§€āĻ˛ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§ŒāĻāĻ›ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ‹āĻŖā§€āĨ¤

Cell phones: Phones have been around since the late 1800 s, but cell phones made their appearance only in the 1990 s.

āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨: āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ 1800 āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ 1990 āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

Anything that is useful and spreads so fast has to be considered one of the greatest inventions of all time. Just two decades ago, in Bangladesh, even land lines were difficult to obtain, let alone mobile phones.

āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ‰āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§’āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŽā§āĻļāĻ•āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻŽā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ›ā§‡āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšā§‹āĻ•āĨ¤

Today people from a l l social strata use cell phones, from street vendors to business executives in luxury cars, and from villagers to urbanites. Since May 2015, Bangladesh joined its South Asian neighbours India (862 million) and Pakistan (122 million) on the list of countries with 100 million or more mobile phone users.

āĻ†āĻœ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§€, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§€ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻšā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‡ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§€ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ (ā§Ž62ā§¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ (ā§§ā§¨ā§¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨) āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ“ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽā§‹āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€āĨ¤

The other countries on the list are China (one billion users), Russia, Brazil, the United States, Indonesia, Japan, Germany, the Philippines and Nigeria.

āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻš’āĻ˛ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ (āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€), āĻ°āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°, āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ¨ā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻœāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨, āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ‡āĻœā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤

The Personal Computer: Today, we take for granted that we have one machine that allows us to access the Internet, do word processing, use a calculator, watch TV, play games and do a host of other things.

āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°: āĻ†āĻœ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŸāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻ¤ā§‡, āĻ–ā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ—ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

But the personal computer only became available to consumers in 1974. Things really took off when Microsoft Windows was introduced in 1985 and it’s good that it was since without the prevalence of personal computers, the Internet wouldn’t have had nearly as big an impact as it has ever since.

āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœāĻ˛āĻ­ā§āĻ¯ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ 1974 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ›ā§‡ ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ģ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻŸ āĻ‰āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‹āĻœ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ—āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž , āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ¤āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤

The First Communications Satellite: People on Earth may take for granted today’s high-tech world of cell phones, GPS and the satellites high above the planet that make instant communication possible. But it all began 50 years ago with one giant space balloon.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš: āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨, āĻœāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻœāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ‡-āĻŸā§‡āĻ• āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ 50 āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§ˆāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§‡āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻš|

10 July 1962 marked the birth of satellite communications. On this day the Telstar satellite commenced its journey into space and became the first ever active communications satellite. It carried the first live trans-Atlantic TV broadcasts.

10 āĻœā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡ 1962 āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ wn‡m‡eāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ“āĻ ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ— āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ­ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸-āĻ†āĻŸāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤

Telstar was built by a team at Bell Telephone Laboratories in USA and incorporated many innovations such as the transistor and the 3,600 solar panels that powered the satellite. Telstar produced 14 watts and relayed its first and non-public television pictures on 11 July 1962.

āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ˛ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻŸāĻ°āĻŋāĻœ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĻœāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 3,600 āĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ° 14 āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŸ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 11 āĻœā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡ 1962 āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…-āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻœāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¨ āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

The satellite could carry 600 voice calls and one black-and-white TV channel from an egg-shaped orbit. Today, we use satellites for GPS, TV, radio, weather tracking, military surveillance, space exploration and global communications, among other things.

āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ 600 āĻ­āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‹-āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĄāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒāĻĨ āĻ†āĻœ, āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻœāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¸, āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ, āĻ°ā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ“, āĻ†āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻœāĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ, āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§€ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš, āĻ†āĻ°ā§‹ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĨ¤

The Moon Landing: For thousands of years, human beings had looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. In 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the first person to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin.

āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĻ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ°āĻŖ:āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĻāĨ¤1969 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡, āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§‹āĻ˛ā§‹ 11 āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¨ā§€āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ• āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŸ āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻœ āĻ…āĻ˛āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Their accomplishment gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration. In fact, it was a feat that was so fantastic that there are still conspiracy theorists who insist it could not be possible.

āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻœā§āĻĄāĻŧā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻļāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ | āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡, āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•ā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻˇāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻœā§‹āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤

Putting a man on the moon is perhaps man’s most inspiring accomplishment; it opened the door to future space travel and led to a number of spin-off inventions including flame resistant textiles used by firefighters, invisible braces, improved satellite dishes, and better medical imaging.

āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĻā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ• āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻ• āĻŸā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛, āĻ…āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻ¨ā§€, āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš āĻĨāĻžāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŽā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻŽā§‡āĻœāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¨-āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

The Internet/World Wide Web: The ARPANET, The first Internet, was invented in 1969 and the public only had access to the World Wide Web starting in 1993.

āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻŸ / āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦ: āĻ†āĻ°āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻŸ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ 1969 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§‡āĻŦāĻ˛ 1993 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄ āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ¸ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

Today, just 22 years later, the web has revolutionized the dissemination of information, created a new multi-trillion dollar economic phenomenon, played a role in revolutions, and has interconnected much of the globe.

āĻ†āĻœ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° 22 āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡, āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻŦ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§‡ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

The Microchip: A microchip is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate (chip) of semiconductor material, normally silicon. Microchips are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.

āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻĒ:āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻĒ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŸ (āĻšāĻŋāĻĒ) āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋK āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻŸāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ†āĻœ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§ˆāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžā§āĻœāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§ˆāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡:

The forerunner to the microchip was invented back in 1959, but it didn’t really start to take off until the 1980 s.

āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻĒā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻĻā§‚āĻ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻŦā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ļ āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤

Since then, incredible advances in microchips have made it possible for them to be cheaply and efficiently used for calculators, personal computers, pet identification, automatic teller machines, satellites, pacemakers, cell phones, and microwave ovens among many other products..

āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡, āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻšāĻŋāĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻ—āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻŸāĻ°, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°, āĻĒā§‹āĻˇāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŸā§‡āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš, āĻĒā§‡āĻ¸āĻŽā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻ°, āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻĢā§‹āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ­ āĻ“āĻ­ā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

1. Relatively

2. Extraordinary

3. Amazing

4. Piques

5. Implanting

6. Artificial

7. Lifespan

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

1./adv/ āĻ†āĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡

2./adj/ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•; āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ

3./adjective/ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻœāĻ¨āĻ•;

āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ•āĻ°

4. /noun/ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‚āĻĒāĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦā§‡āĻˇ;

āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨; āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§‚āĻĻā§āĻ§

5. /verb/ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤

āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

6.  /adj/ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ

7./noun/ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ˜āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŽā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻ;

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

8. Survived

9. Versions

10. Appearance

11. Estimate

12. Prevalence

13. Tracking

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

8. /adjective/ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤;

9. /noun/ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ; āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŖ; āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž;

10.  /noun/ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ

11. /verb/ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ—āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

12. /noun/ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ˛āĻ¨, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ•āĻ¤āĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯

13. /noun/ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖāĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ;

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
New Word

14. Surveillance

15. Accomplishment

16. Resistance

17. Invisible

18. Revolutions

19. Interconnected

20. Forerunner

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

14. /noun/ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§œāĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤]

15. /noun/ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯

16. /noun/ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§; āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ

17. /noun/ āĻ…āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯

18. /noun/ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ; āĻ†āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨; āĻ†āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨;

19.  /|A / āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤;

20.  /noun/ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻĻā§‚āĻ¤

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
New Word

21. Exploration

22. Transplant

23. Brace

24. Spam

25. Urbanity

26. Satellite

27. Spin

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

21. /noun/ āĻ†āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ–ā§‹āĻœ

22. /verb/ āĻāĻ• āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

23. /noun/ āĻœā§‹ā§œāĻž

24. /noun/ āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ ; āĻ…āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ (āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸāĻžāĻ°)

25. /noun/ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŋ; āĻ­āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž ; āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž;

26. /noun/ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻš

27.  /verb/ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻāĻŸāĻž,āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž; āĻĒāĻžāĻ• āĻ–āĻžāĻāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹; āĻ˜ā§āĻ°āĻž