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Unit: 11; Lesson -2 (B); Renewable Energy sources-3

Countries of the world rely heavily on petroleum, coal and natural gas for their energy sources. There are two major types of energy sources: renewable and nonrenewable. Hydro-carbon or fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy.

āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻĒā§‡āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ˛āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻŽāĻœāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¯, āĻ•ā§ŸāĻ˛āĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ‡ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡- āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸

Reliance on them poses real big problems. First, fossil fuels such as oil, coal, gas etc, are finite energy resources and the world eventually will run out of them.

āĻāĻ‡ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦā§œ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨- āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ˛, āĻ•ā§ŸāĻ˛āĻž, āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĢā§‡āĻ˛āĻŦā§‡āĨ¤

Secondly, they will become too expensive in the coming decades and too damaging for the environment to repair. Thirdly, fossil fuels have direct polluting impacts on earth’s environment causing global warming.

āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻ¤, āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ŸāĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§ŸāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻŦā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻ¤, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦā§ˆāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˜āĻŸāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

In contrast, renewable energy sources such as, wind and solar energy are constantly and naturally replenished and never run out. Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun.

āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡, āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨- āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻ“ āĻļā§ŒāĻ°āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻƒāĻ—āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤

Sunlight or solar energy can be used for heating and lighting homes, for generating electricity and for other commercial and industrial uses. T

āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ°āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯Â  āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

The sun’s heat drives the wind and this wind energy can be captured with wind turbines to produce electricity. Then the wind and the sun’s heat cause water to evaporate.

āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻŸāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ (āĻŽā§‹āĻŸāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻ•)- āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžā§āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻ˛ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

When this water vapour turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured as hydroelectric energy.

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻœāĻ˛ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ°āĻĢā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĸāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻĻā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹ā§āĻ˛āĻ‡āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. Plants produce biomass which again can be turned into fuels such as fire wood, alcohol, etc identified as bio energy.

āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŋ āĻœā§ˆāĻŦ āĻ…āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ†āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨- āĻ•āĻžāĻˇā§āĻ , āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•ā§‹āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§ˆāĻŦāĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Scientists have identified Hydrogen as another form of renewable energy source. It is the most abundant element in nature.

āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻ¨ā§€āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻœā§‡āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

But it does not exist separately as a gas. It is always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Hydrogen, separated from another element, can be burned as a fuel to produce electricity.

āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĨ¤āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡āĨ¤āĻ¯ā§‡āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ‡āĻĄā§‹āĻœā§‡āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĻāĻšāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡Â  āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

Our Earth’s interior contains molten lava with tremendous heat. This heat inside the Earth produces steam and hot water which can be tapped as geothermal energy to produce electricity, for heating home, etc.

āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§€āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡ āĻ—āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ–āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ–āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻƒāĻ¸ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§€āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ‰āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻž āĻ‰āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻœāĻ˛ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ—ā§ƒāĻš āĻ‰āĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻŋāĻ“āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Ocean energy comes from several sources. Ocean’s force of tide and wave can be used to produce energy. The surface of the ocean gets more heat from the sun than the ocean depths.

āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§ā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ¸ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

This temperature difference can be used as energy source too.

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻĨā§ƒāĻ•ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻ•ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

01.  Rely on (v)

02.  Renewable (adj)

03.  Non- renewable (adj)

04.  Fossil (n)

05.  Fuel (n)

06.  Reliance (n)

07.  Eventually (adj)

08.  Expensive (adj)

09.  Decade (n)

10.  Pollute (v)

11.  Replenish (v)

12.  Capture (v)

13.  Evaporate (v)

14.  Identify (v)

15.  Separately (adv)

16.  Contain (v)

17.  Molten (adj)

18.  Extreme (adj)

19.  Surface (n)

20.  Difference (n)

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

ā§Ļā§§. āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ļā§¨. āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯

ā§Ļā§Š. āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯

ā§Ļā§Ē. āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ

ā§Ļā§Ģ. āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§€

ā§Ļā§Ŧ. āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ°āĻļā§€āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž

ā§Ļā§­. āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‡

ā§Ļā§Ž. āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ŸāĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛

ā§Ļā§¯. āĻĻāĻļāĻ•

ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻĻā§‚āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§§. āĻĒā§‚āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§¨, āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ°āĻžāĻ–āĻž, āĻ§āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§Š. āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒā§€āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§Ē. āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§Ģ. āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡

ā§§ā§Ŧ. āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§­. āĻ—āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤

ā§§ā§Ž. āĻšāĻ°āĻŽ

ā§§ā§¯. āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ , āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—

ā§¨ā§Ļ. āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āĻ¯