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SSC Unit 7 Lesson 1 Zainul Abedin, the greatest artist

Zainul Abedin (29 December, 1914-28 May, 1976) was a Bangladeshi  painter. He had an extraordinary talent and was internationally recognized for his paintings. He became well known in 1944 through his series of paintings on the great man-made famine in Bengal during British Colonial rule.

āĻœā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§€āĻ¨ (ā§¨ā§Ļ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ° ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§Ē-ā§¨ā§ŽāĻŽā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ŧ) āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻŽā§‡āĻ§āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻœāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻļ āĻ”āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ˛ā§‡, ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦ-āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤

He played a vital role in the art movement in Bangladesh and was the founding Principal of the Government Institute of Arts (Now Faculty of Fine Arts) at University of Dhaka. His paintings on Bengal Famine are considered as his most characteristic works.

āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ°ā§‡āĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ‰āĻŸ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻŸāĻ¸ (āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻĻ)-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°Â  āĻ†āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻšāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦā§ˆāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

His homeland honoured him with the title “Shilpacharya”, or the great teacher of arts for his artistic and visionary qualities. He was a pioneer of the modern art movement and was rightly considered as the founding father of Bangladeshi modern arts.

āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻ­ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻž āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒā§Ž āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ˛āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§‡āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤

Abedin was born in Kishoreganj on 29 December, 1914. He spent most of his childhood near the scenic banks of the Brahmaputra River. The river and the open nature inspired him for his early life.

āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§€āĻ¨ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻ•āĻŋāĻļā§‹āĻ°āĻ—āĻžā§āĻœā§‡ āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻļā§ˆāĻļāĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§‹āĻ­āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžā§œā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸāĻŦā§‡āĻ˛āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻĻā§€ āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤āĨ¤

The Brahmaputra later appeared in many of his paintings and remained a source of inspiration throughout the career. As his tribute to the river Brahmaputra, he drew a series of water colour paintings in this regard.

āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹ āĻĒā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻšā§āĻ› āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ‚ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

This helped him earn Governor’s Gold Medal in All India Exhibition in 1938. This was the first time when he came under spotlight and this award gave Abedin the confidence to create his own visual style.

āĻāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœāĻŸāĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻ° āĻ¸ āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻŽā§‡āĻĄā§‡āĻ˛ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§€āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻœāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻœā§āĻ—āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

Abedin got admitted to the Government School of art Calcutta (Now Government College of Art and Craft, Kolkata, India). Here he learned European academic style for five years.  Later he joined the faculty of the same school after his graduation.

āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§€āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ (āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¤āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§‡āĻœ āĻ…āĻ­ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻŸ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĢā§āĻŸ) āĻ­āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻš āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ–ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻ• āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

He was the first Muslim student to obtain “First Class” with distinction from the school. In 1951, Zainul went to London to study at Slade School of Art for  two years.

āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻœāĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ›āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻœā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ģā§§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĻā§-āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ‡āĻĄ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ˛ āĻ…āĻ­ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻŸ- āĻ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ¨ āĻ—āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

From the dissatisfaction of oriental style and the limitations of European academic style, he was  attracted to realism. After his return from London, he started a new style called ‘Bengali Style.”

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‹āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Later he realized the limitations of “Bengali Style’. Therefore, he went back to nature, rural life and the daily struggles of men to make art that would be realistic but modern in appearance.

āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļā§ˆāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤

In 1943, he painted a series of sketches on the man-made famine, which had spread throughout Bengal. The famine killed thousands of people. The devastation of the famine on cheap packing paper.

ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§Š āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯-āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻšā§āĻ› āĻ¨āĻ•āĻļāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ†āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§ŸāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻžā§œāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻļ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡, āĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽā§‹ā§œāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ—āĻœā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻœā§āĻžā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ†āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

The series of those sketches are known as “Famine Sketch”. Through those sketches, he drew the helplessness and deprivation of the poor people, their miseries and death without having food. He painted those starving people who were dying by the roadside.

āĻ āĻ—ā§āĻšā§āĻ› āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžā§āĻšāĻŖāĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ†āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ†āĻāĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

These sketches are his most remarkable works, which spread his  name and fame around the world as a famous and humanitarian artist. Abedin not only documented the famine but also showed its sinister face through skeletal figures of people fated to die of starvation.

āĻāĻ‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĒā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ‰āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§€āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§€āĻ­ā§ŽāĻ¸ āĻ°ā§‚āĻĒ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

He depicted the inhuman story with very human emotions.  These drawings became iconic images of human  sufferings. These sketches helped him to find his way into a realistic approach  that focused on human sufferings, struggle and protest.

āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‡āĻļ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§€āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĢā§āĻŸāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¤ā§‹āĻ˛ā§‡- āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻ‰āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ–ā§āĻœā§‡ āĻĒā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤āĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

Through a 65 feet scroll, he depicted the mass movement of 1969 and with a 30 feet scroll painting called  “Monpura’: he showed the devastating cyclone of 1970 and the sufferings of the people. Through the latter sketch, he remembered the people who died in that calamity.

āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ ā§Ŧā§Ģ āĻĢā§āĻŸ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ŧā§¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻ—āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ ā§Šā§Ļ āĻĢā§āĻŸ āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ļ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛āĻ‚ā§ŸāĻ•āĻ° āĻ˜ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§œ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻļā§‡āĻˇā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

In 1975, Zainul Abedin set up a folk museum at Sonargaon and a gallery in Mymensingh named  Shilpacharya Zanul Abedin Museum. He became Actively involved in a movement to preserve the heritage  of Bengal and reintroduced  Bengal art from the roots of Bengali culture. He passed away on 26 May, 1976 in Dhaka.

ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ģ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻœā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻ—āĻžāĻāĻ“- āĻ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ•āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻœāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ˜āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ŸāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‚āĻšā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻœā§ŸāĻ¨ā§āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻĻā§€āĻ¨ āĻœāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ˜āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§‡āĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻœā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ¨-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§­ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° ā§¨ā§Ž āĻŽā§‡ āĻĸāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

1.Extraordinary (adj)

2.Talent (n)

3.Recognize (v)

4.Famine (n)

5.Vital (adj)

6.Visionary (adj)

7.Pioneer (n)

8.Scenic (adj)

9.Inspiration (n)

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

1.āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ

2.āĻŽā§‡āĻ§āĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ­āĻž

3.āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

4.āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇ

5.āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ

6.āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸ā§€

7.āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻĻā§‚āĻ¤, āĻĒāĻĨāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒā§Ž

8.āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻŸ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§€ā§Ÿ

9.āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ°āĻ¨āĻž

 

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
10. Tribute (n)

11. Spotlight (n)

12. Visual (adj)

13. Faculty (n)

14. Distinction (n)

15. Oriental (adj)

16. Limitation (n)

17. Realism (n)

18. Struggle (n)

19. Realize (v)

ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻž

ā§§ā§§. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻšāĻžāĻ°

ā§§ā§¨. āĻšāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¸, āĻĻā§ƒāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨

ā§§ā§Š. āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻĻ

ā§§ā§Ē. āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨

ā§§ā§Ģ. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§€ā§Ÿ

ā§§ā§Ŧ. āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻž, āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯

ā§§ā§­. āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ

ā§§ā§Ž. āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ

ā§§ā§¯. āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
20. Realistic (adj)

21. Man-made (Phrase)

22. Famine (n)

23. Devastating (n)

24. Touch (v)

25. Deprivation (n)

26. Miseries (n)

27. Starve (v)

28. Name and Fame (Phrase)

29. Humanitarian (adj)

ā§¨ā§Ļ. āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ

ā§¨ā§§. āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯-āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸ

ā§¨ā§¨. āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇ

ā§¨ā§Š. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ˛ā§ŸāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ°

ā§¨ā§Ē. āĻ¨āĻžā§œāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

ā§¨ā§Ģ. āĻŦāĻžā§āĻšāĻ¨āĻž

ā§¨ā§Ŧ. āĻĻā§āĻƒāĻ– āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻž

ā§¨ā§­. āĻ…āĻ¨āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž

ā§¨ā§Ž. āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ

ā§¨ā§¯. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
30. Document (v)

31. Sinister (adj)

32. Skeletal (adj)

33. Figure (n)

34. Depict (v)

35. Inhuman (adj)

36. Emotion (n)

37. Iconic (adj)

38. Movement (n)

39. Realistic (adj)

ā§Šā§Ļ. āĻĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Šā§§. āĻŦā§€āĻ­ā§ŽāĻ¸

ā§Šā§¨. āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°

ā§Šā§Š. āĻ†āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ

ā§Šā§Ē. āĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž/ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Šā§Ģ. āĻ…āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•

ā§Šā§Ŧ. āĻ†āĻŦā§‡āĻ—

ā§Šā§­. āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤/ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻˇ/ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ°

ā§Šā§Ž. āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨

ā§Šā§¯. āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
40. Approach (n)

41. Focus (v)

42. Calamity (n)

43. Preserve (v)

44. Heritage (n)

ā§Ēā§Ļ. āĻ¨ā§€āĻ¤āĻŋ / āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ

ā§Ēā§§. āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž/ āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ

ā§Ēā§¨. āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§Ÿ/ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ—

ā§Ēā§Š. āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ēā§Ē. āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°