SSCSSC Seen

SSC Unit : 8 Lesson :2(A); The Somapura Mahavihara


Paharpur is an important archaeological site situated in a village named ‘Paharpur’ in

Naogaon district of northern Bangladesh. Naogoan is mainly plain land but in the middle

of it stood a hill covered with jungle.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻ“āĻ—āĻžāĻ āĻœā§‡āĻ˛āĻžā§Ÿ ‘āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻĒā§āĻ°â€™ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻ“āĻ—āĻžāĻ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§‡ āĻœāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ•ā§€āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

When the jungle was cleared and the hill excavated, there emerged a lofty ruin of an ancient temple. The temple is about 24 meter high from the surrounding level. ‘Pahar’ means hill. Hence is the name Paharpur.

āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻœāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ˛āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻŦā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ā§‹āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ°Â  āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻ˛ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ ā§¨ā§Ē āĻŽāĻŋāĻŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ‰āĻšā§āĨ¤ ‘āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻĒā§āĻ° āĨ¤

The Paharpur site has been excavated and re-excavated a number of times by archaeologists. Sir Alexander visited the place in 1879.Cunningham intended to carry out an extensive excavation but was prevented by the land owner.

āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ—āĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻŖāĻƒāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻ†āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ•āĻœāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāĻŽ ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Nevertheless, he was satisfied with whatever excavation he was permitted to carry on. The site was declared to be protected by the Archaeological Survey of India in 1919 under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904.

āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŸā§āĻ•ā§ āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻžāĻœ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ļā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§ŒāĻ§ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻœāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ˜ā§‹āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Systematic and regular excavation started jointly by Archaeological Survey of India, and Varendra Research Society of Rajshahi and Kolkata ( at that time known as Calcutta) University in 1923

āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻœāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻļāĻžāĻšā§€āĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ—āĻŦāĻˇā§‡āĻŖāĻž āĻ¸ā§‹āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ¯ā§ŒāĻĨāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§Š āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ŸāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

They excavated the south-west corner of the monastery. Next in 1925-26, R D Banerjee excavated the northern part of the central mound. From 1926-27 onward excavation was carried out under the supervision of KN Dikshit.

āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ•ā§‹āĻŖā§‡ āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§Ģ-ā§¨ā§Ŧ āĻ āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ†āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿ āĻĸāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻ° āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§­ āĻ āĻ•ā§‡āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§€āĻ¤-āĻāĻ° āĻ…āĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

The Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh brought the site under further excavation after independence. The operations took place in two phases.

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ§āĻŋāĻ•āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

The first phase was initiated in 1981-82 and continued to 1984-1985. The second phase was started in 1988-89 and continued to 1990-91.

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĻŸāĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§§-ā§Žā§¨ āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ē-ā§Žā§Ģ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ŸāĻŸāĻŋ ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ž-ā§Žā§¯ āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§¯ā§¯ā§Ļ-ā§¯ā§§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§‡āĨ¤

Pre-liberation Expeditions have revealed the architectural remain of a vast Buddhist monastery, the

Somapura Mahavihara.

āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§€ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§ŒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ, āĻ¸ā§‹āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

It is dominated by the central shrine, attracting immediate attention by its lofty height and unusual architectural design.

āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°, āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ‰āĻšā§āĻš āĻšā§‚ā§œāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻ•āĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻžā§ŽāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

Somapura  Mahavihara was one of the most famous Buddhist institutions for monks of ancient Bengal and in southern Asia.

āĻ¸ā§‹āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻļāĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§€āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦā§œ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

The excavated complex at Paharpur has been identified with the Somapura Mahavihara built by the second Pala king Dharmapala (781-821 AD).

āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§‡āĻ˛, āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻž āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ (ā§­ā§Žā§§-ā§Žā§¨ā§§ āĻ–ā§āĻ°āĻŋ:) āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Some clay seals from the ruins bear the inscription Shri-SomapureShri-Dharmapaladeva-Mahavihariyarya-bhiksu-sangghasya.

āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻļā§‡āĻˇ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§€āĻ˛āĻŽā§‹āĻšāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ–ā§‹āĻĻāĻžāĻ‡ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€-āĻ¸ā§‹āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ°-āĻļā§āĻ°ā§€-āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻĻā§‡āĻŦ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻž-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§-āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĨ¤

The Pala rulers were devout Buddhists and they founded a number of monasteries throughout their growing empire.

āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻžāĻ—āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§ŒāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŖā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ•ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤

Some of them became great centers of learning and their reputation quickly spread throughout Asia.

āĻ¸ā§‡āĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻĒāĻŋā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ•ā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻļāĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤

Somapura Mahavihara’s close

relationship with the ruling dynasty implied that it shared the political ups and downs of its benefactors.

āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻ¸ā§‹āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋā§œ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻāĻŸāĻŋāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡, āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āĻˇāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

1.Archeological (adj)

2.Site (n)

3.Emerge (v)

4.Excavate (v)

5.Nevertheless (adv)

6.Monastery (n)

7.Phase (n)

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°

1.āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•

2.āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨

3.āĻŦā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž

4.āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

5.āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ“

6.āĻ†āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ

7.āĻ§āĻžāĻĒ, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
08. Initiate (v)

09. Attract (v)

10. Dominate (v)

11. Empire (n)

12. Reputation (n)

13. Benefactor (n)

ā§Ļā§Ž. āĻ¸ā§‚āĻšāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ļā§¯. āĻ†āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻ†āĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§§. āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯

ā§§ā§¨. āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ

ā§§ā§Š. āĻĒā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āĻˇāĻ•