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Unit-6; Lesson-4; India: Utility in diversity

India is our closet neighbour. It is the largest among South Asian Countries. In fact, India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 3,287,590 square kilometres.

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India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the West, and the Bay of Bengal on the East. It is bordered by Pakistan to the West; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the North; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the East.

āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ°, āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‡ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻ¸āĻžāĻ—āĻ° āĻ˜āĻŋāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨, āĻšā§€āĻ¨, āĻ¨ā§‡āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ“ āĻ­ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§‡āĨ¤

India is the world’s second most populous country after China. Its current population as in 2010 is around 1.15 billion. New Delhi is the capital of India and about 13 million people live in the capital.

āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšā§€āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦā§ƒāĻšāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ ā§§.ā§Ģ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋā§ŸāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ ā§§ā§Š āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻ—āĻ°ā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

India is a land of ancient civilization. The social, economic, and cultural configurations of this vast country are the products of a long process of regional expansion. Indian history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans.

āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻŦā§ƒāĻšā§Ž āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§ˆāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ°āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ‡āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¸āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—āĻŽāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡āĨ¤

During this period Aryan culture flourished in this part of the world. The fifth century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, and it is in his time that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. In the eighth century, Islam came to India for the first time and by the eleventh century it had firmly established itself.

āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻœāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļā§‡āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžā§āĻšāĻŽ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻļā§‹āĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āĻ‡ āĻŦā§ŒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻļāĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤āĻ…āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŽ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻļ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§ƒā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

It resulted into the formation of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 by Qutbud din Aybek. This was finally succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526, under which India once again achieved a large measure of political unity.

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It was in the 17th century that the Europeans came to India. This coincided with the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, paving the way for for supremacy of English, the French, the Duttch and the Portuguese who were vying with each other to gain control of India.. In the contest for supremacy, the English emerged as the ‘victors’.

āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻĻāĻļ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ‰āĻ°ā§‹āĻĒā§€ā§ŸāĻ°āĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ—āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŽā§‹āĻ—āĻ˛ āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§‡āĻ° āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ˜āĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¸ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§€ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœ, āĻĢāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋ, āĻĄāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻœāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‡ āĻ‡āĻ‚āĻ°ā§‡āĻœāĻ°āĻžāĻ‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§Ÿā§€ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

In 1774 Warren Hastings was appointed the first Governor General of India by the East India Company. In 1876 Queen Victoria was given the title Empress of India by the British parliament and India came under the British rule completely.

ā§§ā§­ā§­ā§Ē āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨ āĻšā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¸ āĻ‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸ āĻ‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋā§ŸāĻž āĻ•ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ƒāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¨āĻ° āĻœā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤ ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻļ āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ­āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āĻ°āĻŋā§ŸāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĨā§‡āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ§ā§€āĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸ā§‡āĨ¤

They ruled India for nearly two hundred years. This period was marked by India’s struggle for independence. Through a series of heroic and patriotic movements to restore freedom, India got its independence in 1947.

āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĻļāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸāĻ•āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§‡āĻŦā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ• āĻŦā§€āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦā§‹āĻ§āĻ• āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ ā§§ā§¯ā§Ēā§­ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ­ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

The culture of India is one of the oldest and unique in the world. In India, there is amazing cultural diversity throughout the country. The South, North, and Northeast have their own distinct cultures and almost every state has carved out its own cultural distinction.

āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ° āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āĻšāĻŽāĻ•āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§ˆāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ, āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ“ āĻ‰āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ• āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯āĻ‡ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤

There is hardly any culture in the world that is as varied and unique as India. There are 17 major languages and 844 dialects used by the people of India. India is a tourists’ delight.

āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻ–ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ āĻ°āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦā§ˆāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ŸÂ  āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ†āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨āĻ—āĻŖ ā§§ā§­āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ“ ā§Žā§Ēā§Ē āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻžā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŸāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛āĨ¤

The Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, The Qutab Minar and the Red Fort are a few of the many wonders which attract people from all over the world. Kashmir has been described as a paradise on earth.

āĻ¤āĻžāĻœāĻŽāĻšāĻ˛, āĻĢāĻ¤ā§‡āĻšāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ•āĻ°āĻŋ, āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§‹ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ–ā§āĻ¯āĻ• āĻšāĻŽāĻ•āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻļā§āĻŽā§€āĻ°āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻ˛ā§‡ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

The country of mountains, valleys, deserts, rivers and lakes offer the richness of a mini world within a single country. Ooty, Nilgiris and the temples of South India, as also Kajuraho, Ajanta and Ellora caves are the places one can explore in India.

āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ, āĻ‰āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ•āĻž, āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ, āĻ¨āĻĻā§€ āĻ“ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĻā§‡āĻļ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤, āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡āĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ›ā§‹āĻŸ āĻĒā§ƒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ¨ā§€āĻ˛āĻ—āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤, āĻ‰āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ‚- āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻ‡āĻ˛ā§‹āĻ°āĻž āĻ—ā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›ā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻœāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž, āĻ¯ā§‡āĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‡āĻ‰ āĻ¸āĻšāĻœā§‡āĻ‡ āĻ˜ā§āĻ°ā§‡ āĻŦā§‡ā§œāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
Vocabulary

1.Bounded (adj)

2.Brodered (adj)

3.Populous (adj)

4.Around (Adv)

5.Ancient (adj)

6.Civilization (n)

7.Flourish (v)

8.Unification (n)

9.Spread (v)

10. Firmly (adv)

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•āĻž

ā§Ļā§§.āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§

ā§Ļā§¨. āĻ¸ā§€āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§

ā§Ļā§Š. āĻœāĻ¨āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛

ā§Ļā§Ē. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§Ÿ, āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ

ā§Ļā§Ģ. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ¨, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨

ā§Ļā§Ŧ. āĻ¸āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž

ā§Ļā§­. āĻ‰āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ļā§Ž. āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§€āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¨

ā§Ļā§¯. āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œāĻž

ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻĻā§ƒā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
11. Establish (v)

12. Empire (n)

13. Measure (n)

14. Political (adj)

15. Unity (n)

16. Social (adj)

17. Economic (adj)

18. Cultural (adj)

19. Coincide (v)

20. Disintegration (n)

21. Supremacy (n)

22. Emerge (v)

ā§§ā§§. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§§ā§¨. āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻœā§āĻ¯

ā§§ā§Š. āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ

ā§§ā§Ē. āĻ°āĻžāĻœāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•

ā§§ā§Ģ. āĻāĻ•ā§āĻ¯

ā§§ā§Ŧ. āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœāĻŋāĻ•

ā§§ā§­. āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§ˆāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•

ā§§ā§Ž. āĻ¸āĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•

ā§§ā§¯. āĻāĻ•āĻ‡ āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻž

ā§¨ā§Ļ. āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž

ā§¨ā§§. āĻ†āĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯

ā§¨ā§¨. āĻŦā§‡āĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻž, āĻĻā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ—ā§‹āĻšāĻ° āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž

 

English āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž
35. Wonder (n)

36. Mountain ( n)

37. Desert (n)

38. Temple (n)

39. Explore (v)

40. Rule (v)

41. Movement (n)

42. Mark (v)

43. Restore (v)

ā§Šā§Ģ. āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŽā§Ÿ

ā§Šā§Ŧ. āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§œ

ā§Šā§­. āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ

ā§Šā§Ž. āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°

ā§Šā§¯. āĻ­ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ēā§Ļ. āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ēā§§. āĻ†āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻ˛āĻ¨

ā§Ēā§¨. āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž

ā§Ēā§Š. āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ†āĻ¨āĻž