HSC Unit :3 ; Lesson 1; What is a Dream
Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study.
āĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Chances are that youâve often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps youâve wondered why you dream at all.
āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
First, letâs start by answering a basic question: What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague, filled with joyful emotions or frightening images, focused and understandable or unclear and confusing.
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§; āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻĻāĻžā§āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§; āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve?
While many theories have been proposed, no consensus has emerged.
āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ? āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§?
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state, the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling.
āĻāĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻāĻāĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻžā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself.
āĻ¯āĻž āĻšā§āĻ, āĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĨ¤
Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.
āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
Next, letâs learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freudâs theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations.
āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž-āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĨ¤
According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness.
āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§, āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book âThe Interpretation of Dreamsâ, Freud wrote that dreams are ââdisguised fulfillment of repressed wishes.â
āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžā§, āĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¨ā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¸ (āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž)- āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ ââ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤â
Freudâs theory contributed to the popularity of dream interpretation. Following his paths, many theories came up with their own ideas about dreams. The following are just a few of them.
āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§:
Some researchers suggest that dreams are a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. Dreams are not meaningless. Instead, during dreams, the cognitive elements in our brain produce new ideas.
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°āĻ, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
One theory suggests that dreams are the result of our brains trying to interpret external stimuli during sleep. For example, the sound of the radio may be incorporated into the content of a dream.
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Another theory uses a computer metaphor to account for dreams serve to âclean upâ clutter from the mind, much like clean up operations in a computer, refreshing the mind to prepare for the next day.
āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° âāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨-āĻāĻĒâ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻ, āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻŽāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
Yet another model proposes that dreams function as a form of psychotherapy. In this theory, the dreamer is able to make connections between different thoughts and emotions in a safe environment.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻĄā§āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž-āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ āĻšā§āĨ¤
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
1. Empirical 1.Vivid 2.Vague 3.Frightening 4.Baffling 5.Unravel 6.Psychoanalytic |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
1./adj/Â āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻ¤ 1/adjective/Â āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻĸāĻŧ; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤; āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻ°āĻ¸ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ; āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ; āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛; 2. /adj/Â āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ; āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° 3. Â /adjective/Â āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨āĻ; āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻāĻ°; āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ; āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ; 4. /adj/Â āĻšāĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻ° 5. /verb/Â āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻž 6. /adj/Â āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
8. Perspective 9. Motivation 10. Awareness 11. Repressed 12. Cognitive 13. Stimuli 14. Incorporate |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
8. /noun/Â āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻĒāĻāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž 9. /noun/Â āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž; 10. /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ¤āĻž 11. /adjective/Â āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻšā§āĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻļāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤; 12. /adjective/āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ā§; āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻ¤; āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯; 13. Â /noun/Â āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻĒāĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§; āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻ¨āĻž; 14. /VA /Â āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻž |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
New Word
15. Clutter 16. Psychotherapy 17. Nightmare 18. Consciously 19. Fascinated 20. Extraordinary 21. Confusing |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
15. /noun/Â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻž; āĻā§āĻžāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛;Â ; /verb/āĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž; 16. /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻž; 17. /noun/Â āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ 18. /adverb/Â āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§; āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§; āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§; 19. /adjective/Â āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§; āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§; 20. /adj/Â āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ; āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ 21. /adjective/Â āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°; āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ°; āĻā§āĻžāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§; āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
New Word
22. Subconscious 23. Motivation 24. Repressed 25. Aggressive 26. Instincts 27. Interpretation 28. Metaphor |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
22. /noun/Â āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨; āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ā§ 23. /noun/Â āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž; 24. /adjective/Â āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻšā§āĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻļāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤; 25. /adj/Â āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻļā§āĻ˛ 26. Â /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž; āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻž; āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž; āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°; 27. /noun/Â āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž 28. Â /noun/Â āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻž ; āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
15. Clutter 16. Psychotherapy 17. Nightmare 18. Consciously 19. Fascinated 20. Extraordinary 21. Confusing |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
15. /noun/Â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻž; āĻā§āĻžāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛;Â ; /verb/āĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž; 16. /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻšāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻž; 17. /noun/Â āĻā§āĻžāĻ¨āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ 18. /adverb/Â āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§; āĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§; āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§; 19. /adjective/Â āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§; āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§; 20. /adj/Â āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ; āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ 21. /adjective/Â āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°; āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻāĻ°; āĻā§āĻžāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§; āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§; |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
22. Subconscious 23. Motivation 24. Repressed 25. Aggressive 26. Instincts 27. Interpretation 28. Metaphor |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
22. /noun/Â āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨; āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ā§ 23. /noun/Â āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻž; 24. /adjective/Â āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻšā§āĻ¤; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤; āĻļāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤; 25. /adj/Â āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻļā§āĻ˛ 26. Â /noun/Â āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ; āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž; āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻž; āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž; āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°; 27. /noun/Â āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž 28. Â /noun/Â āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻž ; āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° |