Unit-6; Lesson-4; India: Utility in diversity
India is our closet neighbour. It is the largest among South Asian Countries. In fact, India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 3,287,590 square kilometres.
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India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the West, and the Bay of Bengal on the East. It is bordered by Pakistan to the West; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the North; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the East.
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India is the worldâs second most populous country after China. Its current population as in 2010 is around 1.15 billion. New Delhi is the capital of India and about 13 million people live in the capital.
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India is a land of ancient civilization. The social, economic, and cultural configurations of this vast country are the products of a long process of regional expansion. Indian history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans.
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During this period Aryan culture flourished in this part of the world. The fifth century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, and it is in his time that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. In the eighth century, Islam came to India for the first time and by the eleventh century it had firmly established itself.
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It resulted into the formation of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 by Qutbud din Aybek. This was finally succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526, under which India once again achieved a large measure of political unity.
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It was in the 17th century that the Europeans came to India. This coincided with the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, paving the way for for supremacy of English, the French, the Duttch and the Portuguese who were vying with each other to gain control of India.. In the contest for supremacy, the English emerged as the ‘victors’.
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In 1774 Warren Hastings was appointed the first Governor General of India by the East India Company. In 1876 Queen Victoria was given the title Empress of India by the British parliament and India came under the British rule completely.
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They ruled India for nearly two hundred years. This period was marked by India’s struggle for independence. Through a series of heroic and patriotic movements to restore freedom, India got its independence in 1947.
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The culture of India is one of the oldest and unique in the world. In India, there is amazing cultural diversity throughout the country. The South, North, and Northeast have their own distinct cultures and almost every state has carved out its own cultural distinction.
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There is hardly any culture in the world that is as varied and unique as India. There are 17 major languages and 844 dialects used by the people of India. India is a tourists’ delight.
āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ°āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŽā§Â āĻ āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖ ā§§ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ ā§Žā§Ēā§Ē āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛āĨ¤
The Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, The Qutab Minar and the Red Fort are a few of the many wonders which attract people from all over the world. Kashmir has been described as a paradise on earth.
āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŽāĻšāĻ˛, āĻĢāĻ¤ā§āĻšāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŋ, āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
The country of mountains, valleys, deserts, rivers and lakes offer the richness of a mini world within a single country. Ooty, Nilgiris and the temples of South India, as also Kajuraho, Ajanta and Ellora caves are the places one can explore in India.
āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻž, āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ, āĻ¨āĻĻā§ āĻ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻ˛āĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ- āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžā§āĻāĻž, āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§ā§āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
Vocabulary
1.Bounded (adj) 2.Brodered (adj) 3.Populous (adj) 4.Around (Adv) 5.Ancient (adj) 6.Civilization (n) 7.Flourish (v) 8.Unification (n) 9.Spread (v) 10. Firmly (adv) |
āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻž
ā§Ļā§§.āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ ā§Ļā§¨. āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ ā§Ļā§Š. āĻāĻ¨āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛ ā§Ļā§Ē. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§, āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ ā§Ļā§Ģ. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ ā§Ļā§Ŧ. āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž ā§Ļā§. āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž ā§Ļā§Ž. āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¨ ā§Ļā§¯. āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻž ā§§ā§Ļ. āĻĻā§ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
11. Establish (v)
12. Empire (n) 13. Measure (n) 14. Political (adj) 15. Unity (n) 16. Social (adj) 17. Economic (adj) 18. Cultural (adj) 19. Coincide (v) 20. Disintegration (n) 21. Supremacy (n) 22. Emerge (v) |
ā§§ā§§. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
ā§§ā§¨. āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ ā§§ā§Š. āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ ā§§ā§Ē. āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ ā§§ā§Ģ. āĻāĻā§āĻ¯ ā§§ā§Ŧ. āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ ā§§ā§. āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ ā§§ā§Ž. āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ ā§§ā§¯. āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻž ā§¨ā§Ļ. āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž ā§¨ā§§. āĻāĻ§āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ ā§¨ā§¨. āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž, āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻ° āĻšāĻā§āĻž |
English | āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž |
35. Wonder (n)
36. Mountain ( n) 37. Desert (n) 38. Temple (n) 39. Explore (v) 40. Rule (v) 41. Movement (n) 42. Mark (v) 43. Restore (v) |
ā§Šā§Ģ. āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŽā§
ā§Šā§Ŧ. āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžā§ ā§Šā§. āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ ā§Šā§Ž. āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ° ā§Šā§¯. āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž ā§Ēā§Ļ. āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž ā§Ēā§§. āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ ā§Ēā§¨. āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž ā§Ēā§Š. āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻž |